What Are Poppers An Often Poorly Understood Inhalant Drug

What Are Poppers An Often Poorly Understood Inhalant Drug Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Side Effects and Dangers of Using Poppers By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 29, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Poppers is a common slang term for a range of chemical psychoactive drugs called alkyl nitrites, and in particular, the inhalant drug amyl nitrite. Verywell / Cindy Chung Overview The most common type of poppers inhalant is amyl nitrite. It is often confused with amyl nitrate, which is, in fact, a different chemical with a similar name, often misspelled as amil nitrate. Poppers are also known as liquid gold, butyl nitrite, heart medicine, and room deodorizer. The term poppers first began being used for these drugs in the 1960s, when amyl nitrite, which was then used as a heart medicine, was sold in capsules that were cracked, or popped, to release the chemical. Never try to treat a real or imagined heart problem with poppers, unless prescribed by a physician. You should never leave an open bottle of poppers in a room, whether or not you hope to deodorize it. It would not be an effective deodorizer and could be harmful. How  Poppers Are Used Although rarely used for heart problems today, amyl nitrite is still used to treat cyanide poisoning. Poppers are widely used as recreational drugs, especially on the gay scene, and are typically taken as fumes inhaled directly from small bottles. Poppers are cheap and easy to acquire, often sold as a room deodorizer or as sex enhancers in sex shops, although their use carries significant risks. With brief, intense effects lasting from just a few seconds to a few minutes, poppers are often used as an adjunct to other designer drugs, such as acid (LSD) and ecstasy. This type of use is not necessarily associated with sex but rather with the desire for an immediate rush or sensation of intense relaxation, dizziness, euphoria, mood elevation, and intoxication. Effects Poppers work very quickly, producing an almost instant high or rush of warm sensations and feelings of dizziness, similar to sensations of extreme alcohol intoxication. The effects come on very quickly after inhaling the drug, but unlike drugs such as alcohol, only last for seconds or minutes. While some people find the effects of poppers pleasurable, others find it extremely disorienting and unpleasant. Poppers are vasodilators, meaning that they dilate the blood vessels.?? As a result, blood pressure drops rapidly, leading to lightheadedness, sometimes resulting in a brief loss of consciousness and muscle strength, known as syncope. At the same time,  the heart speeds up, even if the person using poppers is relaxed, known as tachycardia. Another effect of these drugs is the relaxation of the anal sphincter. For this reason, poppers are sometimes used to facilitate anal sex. In addition, some users find that using poppers during sex increases sexual sensations and intensifies orgasm. Effects Vasodilation with warm sensations Drop in blood pressure with dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting Tachycardia (racing heart) Relaxation of anal sphincter Side Effects Skin lesions around nose, lips Sinusitis and respiratory allergic reactions Headaches Increased intraocular pressure Side Effects Several negative effects of poppers have been identified.?? These include crusty, yellow skin lesions around areas exposed to poppers, such as the nose, mouth, lips, and face. These can be misdiagnosed as impetigo or severe seborrheic dermatitis. These skin problems usually heal up within seven to 10 days of stopping the use of poppers. Poppers are also quite irritating and can cause sinusitis. They can also trigger allergic reactions accompanied by wheezing and breathing difficulties. As poppers can be scented, allergic reactions can also be triggered by inhaling the perfumes in poppers. Headaches, which can range from mild to severe, are also common  as a result of dilation of blood vessels in the brain. Poppers can also increase the fluid pressure in the eyes, known as intraocular pressure, which may be problematic to people who are at risk of glaucoma. Who Uses Poppers? Amyl nitrite was first synthesized in 1844 by Antoine Jérôme Balard and was popularized as a treatment for angina pectoris by Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton. However, it only became recognized as a recreational drug in the 1960s, initially in the gay community. Gay men discovered that poppers helped them feel relaxed mentally and physically, increased sexual arousal, made anal sex easier and less painful, and enhanced orgasm. These drugs are still widely used among gay men.?? One study examined the use of poppers among gay men who experienced childhood sexual abuse. While such drugs as crystal meth, ecstasy and ketamine decreased during the 2000s, the use of poppers and cocaine remained stable among gay men. Poppers continue to be used, along with other drugs, in party-and-play sex marathons, in which participants have sex for hours at a time. The use of poppers as a psychoactive drug spread from the gay scene to the recreational drug community, becoming more widespread with the disco boom of the 1970s and the club and rave scenes of the 1980s and 90s. It has been recognized as a serious health problem among Canadian Aboriginal communities but crosses social classes. In Britain, 12.8 percent  of male medical students and 6.3 percent of female medical students have used poppers as a recreational drug. In addition, there has been concern about the recent increase in inhalant use, including poppers, among teens. A Word From Verywell Poppers can seem like a safe, cheap, and easy buzz, with its ease of access  and short-term effects. However, like other psychoactive drugs, it can be harmful. The safest choice is to avoid poppers altogether.

Aggressive Behavior Essay - 1189 Words

Aggressive Behavior Aggression is a behavioral characteristic that refers to forceful actions or procedures (such a deliberate attack) with intentions to dominate or master. It tends to be hostile, injurious, or destructive, and is often motivated by frustration (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1995). For an individual, aggressive behavior is considered understandable and normal under appropriate circumstances, but when it is frequent, intense, lasting, and pervasive, it is more likely to be a symptom of a mental disorder. Likewise, aggression between groups, can be in the form of healthy competition, but can become harmful when unfair or unjust disadvantage or frustration is perceived, leading to hostility (Brown, 1986).†¦show more content†¦Likewise, Oltmanns, Neale, Davison (1991) indicate that there is evidence of a genetically inheritable predisposition for psychopathy, possibly involving the autonomic nervous system, which is connected to emotion. This idea is based on studying psych opaths’ particular adeptness at ignoring stimuli. Research has also supported the theory that psychopaths fail to appreciate the emotional significance of an event or experience. This, along with unwillingness or inability to â€Å"process or use the deep semantic meanings of language,† may be causal in psychopaths’ apparently subtle form of thought disorder. This apparent lack of central organization of behavior and logic may be a factor in the aggressiveness of their behavior (Oltmanns, Neale, Davison, 1991). Furthermore, the family environment of psychopaths may contribute to their abnormal behavior. A lack of parental affection and severe parental rejection may cause influential adjustment problems. Inconsistency in discipline, and a failure of parents to teach children their responsibilities may additionally play a causal role in the development of psychopathy (Emery Oltmanns, 1998). Finally, avoidance learning may contribute to psychopathy. People suffering from this disorder seemingly feel no need to avoid the negative consequences of social misbehavior. Therefore, they may have fewShow MoreRelatedAggressive Behavior, Heredity and Environment Essays694 Words   |  3 Pagesfriends ethniticy are an important component of their positive or negative behavior. Aggression is one of many characteristics of temperaments. There is happiness, confidentiality, etc†¦ But I will talk of aggression. There are many different causes of aggression. A child or person experiences aggression when certain things don’t go their way, or perhaps, don’t get along with their peers. Peers are a big cause of aggressive behavior. What a person craves the most is to be loved or accepted. In many casesRead MoreShould A Structured Recess Program Be Increased Aggressive Behavior On The Playground785 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of this action research project is to determine if a structured recess program would decrease aggressive behavior on the playground which in turn would decrease the number of behavior referral forms that would have to be written. There is a growing problem in our schools; children do not know how to play during recess time. Children are spending more and more time in front of the television, video games, or other sedentary non-play activities. They are not learning how to play properlyRead MoreWhat Is Aggressive Behavior?900 Words   |  4 Pageseducati on classroom for all subjects except Art. His teacher has seen Sam struggling with behaviors throughout the school day. The special education teacher was assigned to study Sam’s behavior and identify when Sam acts out specifically. After studying Sam, there was a realization that his aggressive behavior is most apparent in Centers, Art and Math. He tends to take from others, refuse to share, and become aggressive when other students try to use the manipulatives he wants. It is apparent that Sam’sRead MoreSport and Aggressive Behavior2594 Words   |  11 PagesSports and Aggressive Behavior Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. 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AlthoughRead MoreParent Management Training : A Behavioral Treatment For Children And Adolescents With Aggressive, Antisocial And Defiant Behaviors1371 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence-based intervention instilled to parents of children and adolescents with aggressive, antisocial and defiant behaviors. Parents are taught social learning techniques with the purpose of changing the behavior of their children. Parents learn effective parent-child relationship management strategies and parenting skills through exercises and role play with the therapist. These methods include observing and recording behavior, positive reinforcement, token reinforcement, time out reinforcement, attendingRead MoreFamily Dynamics And Aggressive Behavior2380 Words   |  10 PagesDynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents; and Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, a nd Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice. The article review will be based on the article’s research information on the study. Also, on how it relates to the Child and Family Studies class 4300. The article reviews have information regarding the family dynamics and children’s development. Family Dynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino AdolescentsRead MoreMedia Violence and Aggressive Behavior1277 Words   |  6 Pages Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior Monica Suzanne B. Castro #21856730 Submitted for SSC130BB: Essentials of Psychology January 25, 2014 Research project #05020500 Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior Introduction In the early 1960s Albert Bandura conducted his famous â€Å"Bobo Doll† experiments, in which children were shown videos of someone attacking a plastic clown known as a Bobo doll (Isom, 1998). Many of the children exposed to theseRead MoreBullying Is An Unwanted Aggressive Behavior952 Words   |  4 Pages Victim Blaming Bullying is an unwanted aggressive behavior intended to hurt people. There has been bullying incidents in different places. The outcome of all victims who are bullied end up being physically or emotionally injured. Most suicides happen because of bullying. Negative consequences of blaming the victim include low self-esteem for the victim, denial of fear by the critic, and avoidance of responsibility on the part of the bullyRead MoreAggressive Behavior And Video Games860 Words   |  4 PagesAggressive Behavior and Video Games â€Å"Video games are not inherently good or bad, just as any other tool is not inherently good or bad† (Gentile, D., n.d.), but continuous exposure to video games may generate behavioral changes among individuals. It is being demonstrated by research that violent television and media have a cause and effect on children and youth that watch them. Because video games use the same repetitiveness mechanism as television and media it is expected by social science professionals

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress...

The use of several therapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians about the most effective treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and pharmacotherapy; which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino Rogal 2001). Several of these therapies have been recognized as effective PTSD treatments. For instance, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR), has become an increasingly accepted treatment modality for childhood PTSD; however, very†¦show more content†¦The issue about choosing the most appropriate intervention with a specific population such as children, is a struggle that many clinicians face when treating children with PTSD. Cohen, et al. (2001) found that the majo rity of child psychiatrists prefer to use psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy interventions and psychotropic medications with children presenting PTSD symptoms, while non-medical clinicians prefer to integrate other types of interventions such as play therapy. In regards to the fact that physicians prefer to use medications and other well-known interventions such as psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapy, Muris Merckelbach (1999) suggest that many physicians are more resistant to the new treatment modalities including EMDR and others because these types of interventions are less discussed in medical journals compared to nonmedical ones. On the other hand, Cohen, et al. (2001) suggest that physicians do not use new methodologies of interventions because they are not effective, instead they don’t feel comfortable using treatments that were not part of their professional training. In their research, Cohen, et al. (2001) and colleagues suggest that randomized controlled tri als conducted in research settings, may not provide the whole picture about the mostShow MoreRelatedTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead More Person Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 1203 Words   |  5 Pagestherapists today. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is another popular theory that is used. It emphasizes the present and fixing cognitive distortions that clients may have. 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It is very important that this disorder is treated by using correct public health interventions to help individuals once again regain controlRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is normal, following a traumatic experience, for a person to feel disconnected, anxious, sad and frightened. However, if the distress does not fade and the individual feels stuck with a continuous sense of danger as well as hurting memories, then that person might in fact be suffering from Post-Traumatic Stres s Disorder (PTSD). PSTD could develop after a traumatic incident which threatens one’s safety or makes one to feel helpless (Dalgleish, 2010). Coping with traumatic events could be very difficultRead MoreThe Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1621 Words   |  6 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a medical condition that many people suffer from at different ages. Most of the people that have suffered from PTSD have done so due to a major trauma that occurred at some point in their life. Even though the trauma could have happened months or even years earlier, the symptoms can come back when an event or the anniversary of the trauma triggers the memory of the traumatic event. Some of the traumas that cause post-traumatic stress disorder are rapeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress d isorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )906 Words   |  4 Pages POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a complicated disorder that begins after a traumatic event ((APA), May 18, 2013). Throughout history, PTSD was also known as railway spine, shell shock, traumatic (war) neurosis, concentration-camp syndrome, and rape-trauma syndrome. This disorder always happens after a personal tragic event. Such events include a natural disaster, murder, war, rape, and vehicular accidents, just to name a few. The importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Disorder On The Individual s Life1641 Words   |  7 Pagesare many causes that are liked to an emotional disorder. From a cognitive perspective, it is well known that when there is some type of impairment in certain brain areas then there is a large change that there is a mental illness present in the individual’s life. A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well as memory, and critical thinking . This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’s perceptionRead MoreNature Of Symptoms And Diagnosis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifies what Teddy’s diagnosis was, Dissociative Identity Disorder is the primary disorder that he should be diagnosed with and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder should be secondary. Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor function. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individual who

Dissertation Examples †IT dissertation topics information technology Free Essays

Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology our site – FREE ESSAYS DISSERTATION EXAMPLES 1. Introduction to Information Technology Dissertations A degree in Information and Communications Technology is designed to fulfill the requirements of people working as different professionals such as academicians, administrators and managers, technical staff, trainers, and developers in private or public sectors. A course in information and communications technology combines the educational theory and practice to create a learning experience that enables the development of skills that can be applied to complicated real-world problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information and communications technology degree is aimed to enhance the knowledge of how computer systems, software and applications, and other forms of communication technologies can be utilized to drive economic growth, enhance learning abilities, foster greater communication and socialization, and overall improve the standard of living. The focus of a dissertation in information and communication technology subject is aimed at achieving one of the aforementioned goals. Here are a list of information and communication technology categories within which you can base your research. 2. Categories and List of Dissertation Titles One of the most prolific impact of internet based information and communication technologies in the enablement of economic and commercial activities over the internet. E-commerce and E-business remains one of the most researched topics within this subject. 2.1E-Commerce / E-Business 2.1.1 Advertisements Over Cell Phone Networks – Is it a Successful Strategy; A Survey of British Youth’s Attitude towards Receiving Advertisements over Cell Phones 2.1.2 Exploring the Difference between E-Business Model and E-Business Strategy through Extended Examples 2.1.3 Is it Viable to Completely Curb Software Piracy in the Underdeveloped Nations; Challenges and Possible Solutions? 2.1.4 Determining Factors that Affect Users’ Level of Trust and Sense of Security in E-Commerce Applications 2.1.5 E-Tourism Intermediaries in UK; Factors that Affect Customers’ Level of Satisfaction 2.1.6 Conduction Virtual Business in 3D Internet; The Future Outlook of Business over Virtual Worlds Influenced by the widespread popularity and advantages of e-commerce for modern day business organizations, governments across the globe are also trying to reap the power of information and communication technologies to reach their customers and provide effective services. 2.2E-Government 2.2.1 Structural transformation towards e-government in the South West of China: Moving beyond the Four Stage Model 2.2.2 Assessing E-Government System in Pakistan (or any other Underdeveloped Country); A Content Analysis of Various Government Websites 2.2.3 M-Government; Benefits and Outcomes of Mobile Government for Connected Societies Multi Agent Based Systems enable a higher level of collaboration among various agents working together to achieve a common goal. Coinciding with the developments within the area of artificial intelligence, multi-agent based systems are moving towards higher level of adaptability. Stimulations programs are similarly an important stream of intelligent computer programs that are aimed to work upon highly complex scenario. 2.3Multi Agent Based System 2.3.1 An Overview of Design Patterns Utilized for Developing Multi Agent Systems (MAS) 2.3.2 Analyzing the Dynamics and Design Patters for Developing Adaptive Multi-Agent-System (MAS); A Step towards Mass Customization through Intelligent Manufacturing Information Systems 2.3.3 Creating a Multi-Mobile-Agent Architecture for Developing a Collaborative System Which Elapses across Product’s Lifecycle 2.4Artificial Intelligence 2.4.1 Search Engine Optimization for Dynamic Websites; An Evaluation of Existing Knowledge of SEO for Dynamic Websites 2.4.2 Application of Multi-Agent Systems Along with Multiple Artificial Potential Fields in Car Games 2.4.3 Creating an Appraisal Module for Virtual Agents in Order to Produce Believable Emotions 2.4.4 Designing and Implementing a Membership Card Generation System for Hypermarkets by Utilizing Clustering, Optimization and Anomaly Detection Techniques 2.5Simulation Modeling to help Decision Makers 2.5.1 An Overview of Various Business Stimulation Tools; Evaluation their Impact upon Student Learning in Tertiary Business School Information and communication technologies have greatly enhanced efficiencies in business processes making organizational functions more effective. Likewise, the multimedia advancements have provided more robust information sharing, socialization and entertainment platforms. Business process designs and multimedia information systems are key research areas in information and communication technologies. 2.6Business Process Design 2.6.1 Evaluating Project Management Methodologies for Information Technology Development in Pakistan; A Case Study of National Database Registration Authority (NADRA) 2.6.2 Exploring Fitting Enabling Technologies to Boost E-Commerce Success of Apparel and Footwear Industry in UK 2.6.3 Assessing the Impact of Information Technologies in Implementing Management Control Systems in Technology Start Ups and SMEs in UK 2.6.4 The Use of ERP in Practice; an Investigation of End Users Approval of ERP System in Large Organization in (any Undeveloped/Developed Country) 2.7Multimedia Information Systems 2.7.1 An Investigation into the Negative Effects of Social Media and the Challenges it creates in Crisis Management 2.7.2 Examine How the Communication Technology Revolution Influences People, Process and Strategy 2.7.3 Does the Media Technology Has an Impact upon Child Development; A Study of Primary School Goers in UK 2.7.4 The Impact of Media Technologies on the Physical Development of Teenagers; A Comparative Analysis 2.7.5 Encouraging the Use of E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia in The light if Existing Challenges The growing power of internet, software as a service (SAAS) is a blooming trend which opens many new research opportunities. 2.8SAAS 2.8.1 Integrating ERP System with Cloud Services; Implementing ERP Integration over SAAS, PAAS, and IAAS 2.8.2 An Overview of the SAP Implementation Processes and the Types of SAP Failures 2.8.3 Determining the Causes of Sap Implementation Failures in Small Industrial Firms in UK 2.8.4 Usability Analysis and Evaluation of Microsoft Dynamics Online; Developing a Framework for CRM Solutions’ Evaluation 2.8.5 Implications of Cloud Computing For Multi Media Industry With the advancement in information and communication technologies, security remains one of the biggest concerns and similarly an important research area. 2.9Security 2.9.1 Utilizing Keystroke Analysis as an Additional Security Measure to Password Security in Web Applications 2.9.2 An Investigation of Emerging Risks Associated with Online Banking 2.9.3 Investigating Factors That Determine Customers Use of Online Banking Tools; A Qualitative Analysis of Customers in China 2.9.4 A Survey of Security Strategies for Non-Internet Enabled Software and Applications 2.9.5 Investigating Security Threats over Android Mobile Environment 2.10 General 2.10.1An Overview of Key Enabling Technologies Required for Creating Information Agent Technology for the Internet 2.10.2An Information Retrieval System for Scientists; Creating an Information Agent Technology 2.10.3An Information Retrieval System for Students; Creating an Information Agent Technology 2.10.4Ethical Challenges Associated with Testing Software and Applications through Live Customer Data; Recommending Steps to Overcome These Concerns How to cite Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology, Essays

Tainos free essay sample

Consequently, this began a totally new phase of life on the island of Hispaniola. There was a flourishing civilization of Native Americans living there. The primary group was the Arawak/Taino Indians. Arawak is the general group to which the Taino Indians belong, and describes the common language with this group of Native Americans snared. They ranged trom Venezuela through the Carib bean and Central America all the way to Florida; however, the particular group of Arawak- speaking people who lived on the island of Hispaniola was the Taino Indians. For about a thousand years the peaceful people known as Taino had thrived in modern- ay Cuba, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and many other islands in the Lesser and Greater Antilles. However, less than 30 years after Columbus Journey, Spanish weaponry, force labor, and European diseases would wreck the Tainos. The Tainos left no remains or signs of their existence and all that remained of their culture were a handful of words in Modern English, such as barbecue, canoe, hammock, and hurricane. We will write a custom essay sample on Tainos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, thanks largely to two remarkable digs undertaken over the past two years, archaeologists are increasingly enriching their knowledge of the complex ociety of the Taino and their sophistication of their artifacts (Corbett 1). This knowledge has been recorded in details and passed on for people to follow ribbean Sea at the time when Christopher Columbus arrived to the New World. Tainos: The Peopling of the Caribbean The word Taino means men of the good, and for the most part Tainos were good. The name Taino is currently used to describe all of the Indians of the Caribbean islands at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Though all of the Indians who lived in these islands at the time may have been similar in appearance and hared a similar language, they did not all share the same cultures. The Tainos were divided into major cultures, the Taino and the Caribs. They were also broken down into different regions; the Western Taino, who inhabited mid to near eastern Cuba and Jamaica; the Classic Taino, who inhabited eastern Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico; and Eastern Taino, who inhabited the northern Lesser Antilles starting from the Virgin Islands extending South. (Barreiro 69). Taino culture was dominant throughout the Caribbean, a sea and island world that in turn cradle of Taino civilization. The Tainos had an advanced culture that combined agriculture, hunting, and gathering. The Tainos lived in permanent villages consisting of a number of straw houses arranged around an open plaza. In agriculture, seafaring, cosmology, Ciboney and Guanahatabey (western Cuba), Ciguayo (Bohio) and even Carib (Lesser Antilles) all followed the material and much of the psycho-spiritual framework of the Taino. The original Caribbean spoke Arawak. The people of the Arawak language family still comprise one of the more widespread American indigenous cultures, with relatively large kinship nations in the Amazon nd Orinoco river basins of South America. Throughout the Caribbean usually in remote mountain ranges and costal promontories, remnant groups and communities of Taino-Arawak have been adopted by the mestizo populations of the Caribbean and are interwoven into the Euro-African fabric of the islands folk universe. The Taino society was very peaceful. Happiness, paternal society, and friendliness and highly organized hierarchical characterized it. Each society was a small kingdom and the leader was called cacique. At the time of Columbus, there were five different kingdoms on the island of Hispaniola. The Indians practiced polygamy. Most men had two or three wives, but the caciques had has many as thirty. It was a great honor for a woman to be married to a cacique. She not only enjoyed a materially superior litestyle, but also ner children were held in high esteem. The Taino world, for the most part, had some of the appearance that the modern imaginations ascribe to the South Pacific Islands. The Taino used two primary architectural styles for their homes. The general population lived in circular buildings with the poles providing the primary support and these were covered with the woven traw and palm leaves. They were somewhat like the North American teepees except, they needed to reflect the warmth of the climate and simply used straw and palm leaves rather than being covered with the skins (Barreiro 8). The caciques were singled out for unique housing. Their house was rectangular and featured a small porch. Despite the differences in shape, and the considerably larger buildings, the same material was used. When the Africans came in the beginning in 1 507, they introduced mud and wattle as primary building materials. In addition to the houses, the typical Taino village ontained a flat court in the village that was used for ball games and various festivals. Stone making was especially developed among the Tainos, but they seem not to have it in building houses. It was primarily used for tools and religious rituals. The men were generally naked, but women sometimes wore short skirts. Men and women alike adorned their bodies with paint, shells, and other decorations. The Taino diet, like ours, centered around meat or fish as the primary source, though there were never many wild animals to hunt on Hispaniola. They also ate nakes, various rodents, bats, worms, birds, and any living thing they could find with the exceptions of humans. They were also able to hunt ducks and turtles in the lake or sea. The coastal natives relied on fishing, and tend to eat their fish either raw or only partially cooked. Since they grew cotton on the island, the natives had fishing nets made of cotton. They feasted more on agriculture and de-emphasized meat or fish in their diet. The Tainos had a developed system of agriculture, which they raised their crops in a conuco. This was a large mound that was devised especially for farming. They would pack the conuco with leaves to protect it from soil erosion and placed a large variety to assure that something would grow, no matter the weather conditions. One of the Tainos primary crops was cassava. Cassava is still very popular in the Caribbean, and the method the Taino used to make it is still practiced. The Taino had no large animals like horses, oxen or mules to ride or use for transportation. However, Just like modern time, river and sea transportation was very popular and it was the only means of transportation. They used boats to travel on the sea, their canoes were used for the same purpose. They could take 70-80 people in a single canoe for long travels on the sea and occasionally fished during their voyage at sea. The Taino were polytheists and their gods were called zemi. The zemi controlled the functions of the universe, very much like the Greek gods did, or later Haitian Voodoo. However, they did not seem to have had particular personalities like the Greek and Haitians gods/spirits do. There were three primary religious practices: (1) Religious worship and obeisance to the gods and themselves. (2) Dancing in the village court during special testivals ot thanksgiving or petition. 3) Medicine men, or priests, consulting the zemi for advice and healing. This was done in public ceremonies with songs and dance. During thanksgiving, many rituals were performed. The priests would present the carved fgures of the zemi, as the cacique sat on a wooden stool, place of honor. People induced vomiting with swallowing stick, which was considered a symbolic spiritual purging (Rouse 2). Women served bread (a communion rite), first to the zemi, then to cacique followed by the other people. The sacred bread was a powerful protector. This ritual is similar to the Christian practice of Eucharist. The zemi, as well as dead services are ways of acknowledging their powers at the same time seeking their aid. Due to these powers, the many Taino stories are accounted by the origins of some experienced phenomenon and or magic. Many myths were told and believed by numerous people. Several myths dealt with caves and how they were afraid to come out when the sun was up because they would turn into stone pillars

How to Write a Research Essay in Shakespeare Studies

How to Write a Research Essay in Shakespeare Studies William Shakespeare is considered a genius poet and playwright, not only in Great Britain but throughout the world. It is generally recognized that his works are a kind of encyclopedia of human relationships, they are like a mirror in which people, great and insignificant, are represented in their essence. This gives colossal opportunities for thinking, reflection, analysis, and application of the conclusions made in modern realities. That is why students so often receive the task to write an essay based on one of the works of Shakespeare. In this article, we will give practical recommendations and show examples of how to do this. Essay in Shakespeare Studies vs Any Other Essay Are There Any Differences As a general rule, writing an essay on Shakespeare has the same standard requirements as writing an essay on any other subject. You must also observe a clear structure, develop a thesis, back it up with evidence, and come to a conclusion. But there are some differences. First, all your essay should be concentrated around the literary work. Secondly, quoting Shakespeare has its own special rules. And thirdly, these quotes will be direct evidence of your thesis and all your ideas on which you will build your essay. What Can You Write in the Essay Based on Shakespeares Sonnets? W. Shakespeare is the author of 154 sonnets, which were first published in 1609. They were created over a long time and reflected the significant changes that occurred in the author’s worldview and creativity. Confirmation of such a maxim can serve as evidence of one of the contemporaries of the poet, who in 1598 wrote that ‘Shakespeares sonnets are known among his friends.’ Some of the researchers tried to restore the facts of the biography of the poet, to identify those not named persons whose portraits we find in these verses. However, such efforts, as it turned out, did not bring concrete and convincing results. And it is entirely natural. Therefore, your task as a student studying the works of Shakespeare is to identify these hidden meanings, hints, and references to people and phenomena of those times. Study the Nature of the Sonnet Based on Comparative Characteristics You can begin to study the topic by clarifying the concept of a sonnet and its features in Italian and English literature. Sonnet, as a persistent 14-line lyric verse form with a certain rhyming order, was born in Italy in the 13th century. This became one of the favorite forms of the lyrical poetry of the great Italian poets of the Renaissance and under the pen of Dante, and especially Petrarch, acquired the flexibility that is necessary for a short verse that contains partly very important philosophical and aesthetic content. Over time, the sonnet became established through the efforts of Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) and Henry Surrey (1517-1547). But their sonnets were different from Italian. What is this significant difference? For example, you can conclude yourself by comparing one of the sonnets of Petrarch and Shakespeare (in particular, F. Petrarch’s sonnet ‘Laura’s Death’ and XV of the W. Shakespeare’s Sonnet). Study and Analyze the Internal Structure of the Sonnet During the analysis, it is possible to conclude that the English sonnet differs from Italian in its internal structure (3 quatrains and 1 distich), free rhyming order, after which three quatrains have two independent rhymes, and the last two lines rhyme with each other. In all Shakespeares sonnets, there is one important common feature characteristic of the poet’s creative writing, which is intense drama. There is always a sharp conflict in it, which is usually solved in the last lines of the sonnet. You can choose several sonnets and analyze the development of drama in them, as well as the tools that the poet uses to set the tense. A few more questions you can answer analyzing Shakespeares sonnets For example, in your essay you can: Define a sonnet like one of the poetic genres; Determine how the sonnet is built, does its structure affect the internal content? Select the images of the first quatrain, find out their meaning; Determine the intonation fracture; Examine what the main informative images in the sonnet you noticed? How do they change the mood of the sonnets? What Can You Respond to These Questions Combining the completed form with a rich ideological content made Shakespeares sonnets a wonderful aesthetic monument of a distant era, in which the great humanist told his descendants about true and deep feelings. The dominant aesthetics of Shakespeare is revealed in 103 sonnets, where the poet asserts the advantage of the beautiful in life over his reflection in works of art. Art as a mirror of nature is the main leitmotif of the named sonnet. In several sonnets (55, 60, 63, 64, 65, 107) the theme of the incorruptibility of works of art, the understanding that the poet will be immortal in his works, is revealed. This thought acquires greater flexibility and clarity in the sonnet 55. Although most sonnets are devoted to solving ethical problems, the poet’s interest in the public life of his era is constantly pulsating. There are images of a state that perishes under the pressure of Time, a war that scars the face of the earth, a miser who trembles over treasures, or a person who is harassed by the nobility of his origin. It is they who testify to the close attention that Shakespeare reveals to the various phenomena of reality. The famous sonnet 66 is a concentrated expression of the poet’s non-perception of life, which distorts the relationship between people. It is not by chance that quite a few researchers compare this sonnet with the gloomy tragedies of Shakespeare. Problems in the Play of Romeo and Juliet Things to Reflect on in Your Research Essay The plot used by Shakespeare two siblings of warring families was used in ancient literature more than once. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ one of the most famous works of Shakespeare, as the figurative concentration, the concentration of motifs and the eternal themes of humanity in it reaches its maximum. This is the theme of love, and the theme of blood feud, and the theme of death, and the theme of hostility, and the theme of chance. You can highlight each of these topics or issues in your essay. The main problem in the play is the problem of the conflict of real big love and prejudices of society. The reason for the hatred of the warring families has long been lost in time, but the misunderstanding remains. The theme of love, of course, is basic. And it is affected not only in the context of the relationship between Romeo and Juliet but also speaking as an important area of human life. Many characters speak about her, everyone sees his own. Especially distinguished in the love line 5 scene a ball in the house of Capulet. Here, the theme of love is concretized to the motive of love at first sight. You can further elaborate on this phenomenon in the works of Shakespeare and search for the phenomena of such love in sonnets and other plays. In addition to love between a man and a woman, in the tragedy, a great place is given to the boundary between love and youthful passion. In this context, it would be interesting to reconcile the feelings between Romeo and Juliet with the feelings of Othello and Desdemona. The theme of maternal, paternal, family love, as well as the love of the nurse to Juliet, is highlighted. Here, by analogy, it is possible to recall Hamlet and his father. All the problems, themes, and motives in the tragedy are related to each other. Revenge and anger give birth to death, which in turn is overcome by love. But the case an unknown and omnipotent force, still overtakes those who dare to go against the system, order, and God. Throughout the whole play, we see the rebellion and liberty in complying with church laws Romeo, who was dressed as a monk, both families repeatedly violated the most important religious commandment to ban murder, the main characters also do not respect their parents. In your essay, you can reflect on the inevitability of the script written by fate, on the will of chance or higher powers, on the place of religion and its prohibitions in the past time and modern life. What Can You Write in Your Research Essay on Hamlet Working with an essay on this work, you can start by describing the main problem. Motives of treason, crime, love have always been popular in literature and in life itself. W. Shakespeare was able to notice the internal fluctuations of people and convey them with the help of the word, so he could not stand aside from the listed problems. The main theme of ‘Hamlet’ is a crime committed for the sake of wealth and power. In this context, it is very interesting to conduct a modern study and find traces of crimes committed in a still tangible past for a similar purpose. It is also interesting to analyze the features of the composition of the play. Even though everything is very logical, some things can be analyzed in your essay. Features of the composition are dictated by the laws of drama organization. The work consists of five acts. The plot is revealed sequentially, it can be divided into six parts: the exposition acquaintance with the heroes, the plot the meeting of Hamlet and the ghost, the development of events the princes way to revenge, the climax the observation of the king during the play, the denouement the death of the heroes. The event outline is interrupted by Hamlet’s philosophical reflections on the meaning of life, on death. You can penetrate his reflections by highlighting one topic for one essay, or you can combine all thoughts in one work, exploring how these reflections fit into the whole structure of the play. It is also interesting to look at this play from literary techniques and tools. Hamlets genre is a play written as a tragedy since all events are centered around the problems of murder, death, and revenge. The denouement of the work is tragic. The direction of the play of Shakespeare ‘Hamlet’ is baroque, so the work has an abundance of comparisons and metaphors. You can focus your essay on some of them. One More Idea to Study Is the Influence of Shakespeare on the Development of Science Today, Shakespeare is not only the genius of Anglo-Saxon literature, but also one of the key figures of American and surely British educational systems, both at school and in universities. Shakespeares studies have long gone beyond the English culture. Turning to Shakespeare, in the largest educational centers of the world, they study not only the literature of the late Renaissance, the evolution of Shakespeares poetics in the context of world culture, Shakespeares reminiscences in national literatures, not only the evolution of drama, the history of theater, music, cinema, but also other, seemingly far away discipline from the world artistic culture. So, according to Shakespeares characters, human psychology is studied. Many authors of classical works on the nature of human consciousness addressed them. Z. Freud, used the characters of Shakespeare as illustrations to explain his psychoanalytic concepts and ideas. His Freudian reading of the image of Hamlet was especially popular. His work played a huge role not only in the improvement of psychoanalysis, but also had a direct significance for the development of Shakespeare studies in particular, and world philosophical criticism in general. They became the impetus for the emergence of a completely new trend in philosophy psychoanalytic criticism. In the Shakespearean characters, Freud discovered a fertile field for reflection on human nature, which it would have been much harder to imagine or discover if Freud turned to his real patients.

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between ingenious and ingenuous, and are they even related? If you believe that despite their seeming disparity in meaning, these words belong to the same genus, you’re a genius and you therefore probably know as well that those terms with the common element gen share their origin with the first pair of words. Ingenious, ingenuous, and several other words and their variations are derived ultimately from the Latin verb gignere, which means â€Å"to produce.† One of that term’s descendants is engine, which traces from ingenium, meaning â€Å"talent.† Originally, engine meant â€Å"trick or device,† but it later came to be applied to machines used in warfare and then to mechanisms in general. Gin, an abbreviation of the French form engin, eventually referred specifically to a device that separates cotton from the cotton plant’s seeds. (The name of the alcoholic beverage gin and that of the card game gin rummy are corruptions of the place name Geneva and are unrelated.) Genus, meaning â€Å"a class or kind,† and general, with the same basic meaning but best known for other connotations and in various forms, are ancient kin of these other words including the element gen. So is genius, which first referred to a guardian spirit but came to apply to innate talent. Two other closely related words are genie, from the French form of genius (which later was associated with the similar-sounding but unrelated Arabic word djinn to refer, in French and later English translations, to a spirit or force in Arabian mythology and folklore) and genial, also descended from genius but now meaning â€Å"friendly,† as well as congenial (â€Å"pleasant, harmonious†). Ingenious developed a sense of â€Å"clever† through its predecessor ingenium. Ingenuous, however, took a different route, evolving in sense from â€Å"high-minded† to â€Å"straightforward† to â€Å"innocent.† The feminine form in French, ingà ©nu, altered in English to ingenue, came to refer to a stage character defined by her artless simplicity. The term was extended to apply to a young, innocent female lead character in live and recorded performances and in literature (and, occasionally, to such a person in general). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureUse a Dash for Number RangesThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"