Venezuela Culture

In all societies, there are various measurements that can be arranged into a continuum. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck have elements of social examples, for example, basic human issues, favored arrangements and above all, a continuum. A continuum is the manner by which things are evaluated by rates. For instance, bliss. It could be either pretty much in specific circumstances. In Hofstede’s measurements of culture, there are two points and just one can be higher in specific societies than others. The nation I decided to do is the way of life of Venezuela.Venezuela is fundamentally the same as the remainder of the Latin American nations however has extraordinary attributes with regards to the measurements that Hofstede depicts. The elements of culture that will be examined fall into the four basic ones: community, power separation, manliness and low vulnerability shirking. Venezuela is an interesting nation with a wide range of thoughts that identify with their way of life. Venezuela falls into the community classification. This implies the nation joins as one, concentrating on the necessities of gatherings instead of the individual themselves. The opposite side of the measurement is individualism.Individualism, as its name says, centers around the person where they need to sand up for themselves. Collectivists will in general have huge, more distant families which keep securing them in return for unquestioning reliability (Individualism 2009). Additionally, they deal with getting exceptionally talented at something they are keen on. Venezuelan individuals are tied in with being faithful to one another. They see all the more great in a gathering, than great in the person. In Venezuela, the work power has grown significantly in the course of recent decades. The joblessness rate has been low and even lady have been getting jobs.The government has cooperated so that nearly everybody is utilized. Work relations in Venezuela were consultative instead of fierce, and the Confederation of Venezuelan Workers had great working associations with the significant business gathering, the Federation of Chambers and Associations of Commerce and Production (Haggerty, 1993). Contrasted with other Latin American nations, there wasn’t a terrible instance of work relations. The administration needed to ensure everybody in Venezuela was working. It’s great to be a community culture since everybody comes and cooperates as a group.Power separation is another measurement that can be delegated either high or low. This is controlled by how much a culture has regard for power. High force separation concentrates more on higher status of intensity. Instructors, guardians and directors are treated with deference and are required to show authority. Low force separation is somewhat more laid back. Individuals can converse with whomever they need about anything. For instance, a representative can converse with their administrator about remarks for the organi zation or business they work for. Venezuela falls into the powerful separation category.People with world class status are progressively taught and center principally around their business and callings. Venezuela was one of the not many nations in Latin America where various tip top bolstered academic and network government assistance establishments offered help for an innovative assortment of projects and grants (Haggerty 1993). Individuals in white collar class regard the tip top. Thought it is conceivable to climb from white collar class to tip top, this can just occur through fruitful business bargains or by marriage. In any case, Venezuelans know to regard the authority any place they are. Venezuela has a president and VP who serve multi year terms.The president picks his bureau and decides the quantity of services. The president is the fundamental chief in control whom everybody turns upward to. He orders the military, calls exceptional meetings of the Congress, and activities sole control of international strategy (Haggerty 1993). Venezuela follows an administrative arrangement where the president has the most elevated status, trailed by the VP, at that point it gets lower from that point on. Having high force separation doesn't really subvert the populace, however is acknowledged by the entire Venezuelan culture as one. Manliness versus gentility, in opposition to it’s name, has more to do than just sexual orientation roles.Some manly attributes center around a serious economy, striving to get by, and battling because of contentions. Societies with this measurement are increasingly forceful. Gentility then again centers around all the more quieting highlights. For instance, haggling to determine clashes, ladies are speaking to in the legislature and attempting to carry on with a decent life. Venezuela for this situation is progressively manly. They are more forceful than different societies. Brutality and wrongdoing expanded considerably in the most recent many years of the twentieth century and have become significant issues of famous concern (Dinneen 2003).Having higher crime percentages, however that’s not generally something to be thankful for, shows the manliness in the way of life. Men take most of the force with regards to government. In spite of the fact that the Constitution of 1960 proclaimed that people were officially equivalent under the law, ladies who had been dynamic in the battle for popular government got themselves without its benefits and minimized from legislative issues (Wagner 2005). Despite the fact that it said ladies were similarly as equivalent as men, that didn’t satisfy its statement. Ladies were still not permitted to take an interest in higher governmental issues and businesses.They were relied upon to remain at home and deal with the house and kids. Venezuela is positioned higher in the manly measurement among the entirety of the other Latin American nations. Venezuela’s vulnerability evasion is viewed as lower than the other Latin American nations. A few qualities of low vulnerability shirking incorporate receptiveness to change, resistance of decent variety and keep down feelings. Where as in high vulnerability evasion, they will in general adhere to severe principles, express feelings, and have a powerless enthusiasm for legislative issues. The objective of the way of life is to control nearly everything so as to keep away from the unexpected.Thanks to their requirement for security, Venezuelan administrators face less challenges, administer with progressively composed standards and experience lower work turnover (Workman 2008). There have been procedures of social and political changes. Proposals forms have pulled in progressively global consideration throughout the years and for additional to come. Venezuela was the world’s driving exporter of oil. Venezuelan’s pioneers needed to focus on the oil business as the fundamental wells pring of financing for their reformist monetary and social arrangements (Haggerty 1993). They weren’t hesitant to discover new non bureau services and structure new arrangements to extend their economy.Even with the monetary emergencies that happened with the breakdown of the budgetary framework in 1994, the administration attempted to get it back up. With regards to contrasts, Venezuelans attempt to investigate the issue. They are interested to what is happening. On the off chance that they have to roll out an improvement, they will do as such and face the challenge. For instance, during the 1980’s Venezuela had a tremendous outside trade income from oil. Along these lines, they built up an insatiable interest for imported extravagance merchandise that continued even as oil costs ebbed in the mid do late 1980’s (Haggerty 1993).This brought about a shortcoming in the Venezuelan economy. Despite the fact that this occurred, the administration wasn’t reluct ant to face the challenge. All in all, Venezuela has a wide range of qualities that make them an interesting society. Being an aggregate culture, they join as one. They like to concentrate on everybody as a gathering to ensure everybody is fulfilled. They likewise fall into the powerful separation classification. Venezuela has high force authority that is regarded by everybody. In the event that they have questions, the individuals with high status will have all the answers.Venezuela is likewise a manly culture. Men overwhelm over ladies for occupations and force. Likewise, this makes the nation more forceful than others. They go to bat for themselves and aren’t terrified of whatever interacts with them. At long last, Venezuela has low vulnerability shirking. They will face a challenge on the off chance that they need to and they aren’t hesitant to show feeling. This shows they are a solid nation that will make changes in the event that it is a worry. Venezuela is a ve ry balanced culture with numerous extraordinary characteristics about them.

Depreciation Methods Free Essays

Deterioration Methods Depreciation is the bookkeeping procedure of dispensing the expense of unmistakable advantages for cost in a methodical and reasonable way to those periods expected to profit by the utilization of the benefit. Variables Involved in the Depreciation Process 1. What depreciable base is to be utilized for the benefit? 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on Deterioration Methods or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now What is the asset’s helpful life? 3. What technique for cost distribution is best for the advantage? Depreciable Base for the Asset The base set up for devaluation is a component of two factors: the first expense, and the rescue or removal esteem. Rescue esteem is the evaluated sum that the organization will get when it sell the advantage or expels it from administration. It is the sum to which the organization records or devalues the benefit during its helpful life. Model: A benefit is bought for $10,000. The organization accepts that it has a rescue estimation of $1,000. Unique expense $10,000 Less: Salvage esteem 1,000 Depreciation base$ 9,000 Methods of Depreciation The bookkeeping calling necessitates that the devaluation technique utilized be â€Å"systematic and objective. † coming up next are instances of devaluation techniques: 1. Movement technique (units of utilization or creation) . Straight-line strategy 3. Diminishing charge strategies (quickened): a. Entirety of-the-years’ digits b. Declining-balance technique The accompanying data will be utilized to represent every one of the above strategies: Stanley Coal Mines as of late bought an extra crane for burrowing purposes. Cost of crane$500,000 Estima ted helpful life5 years Estimated rescue value$50,000 Productive life in hours30,000 hours Activity Method The movement strategy (likewise called the variable-charge or units-of-creation approach) expect that devaluation is a component of utilization or efficiency, rather than the progression of time. An organization thinks about the life of the advantage as far as either the yield if gives (units it produces), or an information measure, for example, number of hours it works. The crane Stanley bought represents no specific deterioration issue. Stanley can quantify the use (hours) moderately without any problem. On the off chance that Stanley utilizes the crane for 4,000 hours the principal year, the devaluation charge is: (Cost less rescue esteem) X hours this year Total assessed hours ($500,000 †$50,000) X 4,000 30,000 = $60,000 Straight-Line Method The straight-line technique thinks about deterioration as an element of time as opposed to an element of use. Organizations broadly utilize this technique on account of its effortlessness. The straight-line technique is regularly the most adroitly fitting, as well. Stanley figures the deterioration charge for the crane as follows: Cost less rescue Estimated administration life $500,000-$50,000 5 =$90,000 Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits The whole of-the-years’-digits strategy brings about a diminishing devaluation charge dependent on a diminishing part of depreciable cost (unique cost less rescue esteem). Each portion utilizes the aggregate of the years as a denominator (5+4+3+2+1=15). The numerator is the quantity of long periods of evaluated life staying as of the start of the year. In this strategy, the numerator diminishes step by step, and the denominator stays steady. Toward the finish of the helpful life, the parity remaining should approach the rescue esteem. YearDepreciation BaseRemaining life in yearsDepreciation FractionDepreciation ExpenseBook Value, End of Year 1$450,00055/15$150,000$350,000 2$450,00044/15$120,000$230,000 3$450,00033/15$90,000$140,000 4$450,00022/15$60,000$80,000 $450,00011/15$30,000$50,000 Totals:1515/15$450,000 For resources that have a long life expectancy, the accompanying recipe can be utilized to decide the denominator: n(n+1) 2 For instance, if a benefit has a helpful existence of 51 years, you would ascertain the denominator: 51(51+1) 2 =1,326 YearDepreciation BaseRemaining life in yearsDepreciation FractionDepreciation ExpenseBook Value, End of Y ear 1$450,0005151/1,326$17,308$482,692 2$450,0005050/1,326$16,968$465,724 3$450,0004949/1,326$16,629$449,095 4$450,0004848/1,326$16,290$432,805 5$450,0004747/1,326$15,950$416,855 Etc†¦ Declining-Balance Method The declining-balance technique uses a devaluation rate (communicated as a rate) that is some different of the straight-line strategy. For instance, the twofold declining rate for a 10-year resource is 20 percent (twofold the straight-line rate, which is 1/10 or 10 percent). In contrast to different techniques, the declining-balance strategy doesn't deduct the rescue an incentive in registering the devaluation base. For instance, if Stanley decided to utilize the twofold declining-balance strategy, the crane would deteriorate at double the pace of the straight-line rate. See underneath: YearBook Value of Asset First YearRate on Declining Balance (a)Depreciation ExpenseBalance Accumulated DepreciationBook Value, End of Year 1$500,00040%$200,000$200,000$300,000 2$300,00040%$120,000$320,000$180,000 3$180,00040%$72,000$392,000$108,000 4$108,00040%$43,200$435,000$64,800 5$64,80040%$14,800 (b)$450,000$50,000 (a)Based on double the straight-line pace of 20% ($90,000/$450,000 = 20%; 20% X 2 = 40%) (b)Limited to $14,800 in light of the fact that the book worth ought not be not exactly the rescue esteem. Step by step instructions to refer to Depreciation Methods, Papers

What Are Poppers An Often Poorly Understood Inhalant Drug

What Are Poppers An Often Poorly Understood Inhalant Drug Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Side Effects and Dangers of Using Poppers By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 29, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Poppers is a common slang term for a range of chemical psychoactive drugs called alkyl nitrites, and in particular, the inhalant drug amyl nitrite. Verywell / Cindy Chung Overview The most common type of poppers inhalant is amyl nitrite. It is often confused with amyl nitrate, which is, in fact, a different chemical with a similar name, often misspelled as amil nitrate. Poppers are also known as liquid gold, butyl nitrite, heart medicine, and room deodorizer. The term poppers first began being used for these drugs in the 1960s, when amyl nitrite, which was then used as a heart medicine, was sold in capsules that were cracked, or popped, to release the chemical. Never try to treat a real or imagined heart problem with poppers, unless prescribed by a physician. You should never leave an open bottle of poppers in a room, whether or not you hope to deodorize it. It would not be an effective deodorizer and could be harmful. How  Poppers Are Used Although rarely used for heart problems today, amyl nitrite is still used to treat cyanide poisoning. Poppers are widely used as recreational drugs, especially on the gay scene, and are typically taken as fumes inhaled directly from small bottles. Poppers are cheap and easy to acquire, often sold as a room deodorizer or as sex enhancers in sex shops, although their use carries significant risks. With brief, intense effects lasting from just a few seconds to a few minutes, poppers are often used as an adjunct to other designer drugs, such as acid (LSD) and ecstasy. This type of use is not necessarily associated with sex but rather with the desire for an immediate rush or sensation of intense relaxation, dizziness, euphoria, mood elevation, and intoxication. Effects Poppers work very quickly, producing an almost instant high or rush of warm sensations and feelings of dizziness, similar to sensations of extreme alcohol intoxication. The effects come on very quickly after inhaling the drug, but unlike drugs such as alcohol, only last for seconds or minutes. While some people find the effects of poppers pleasurable, others find it extremely disorienting and unpleasant. Poppers are vasodilators, meaning that they dilate the blood vessels.?? As a result, blood pressure drops rapidly, leading to lightheadedness, sometimes resulting in a brief loss of consciousness and muscle strength, known as syncope. At the same time,  the heart speeds up, even if the person using poppers is relaxed, known as tachycardia. Another effect of these drugs is the relaxation of the anal sphincter. For this reason, poppers are sometimes used to facilitate anal sex. In addition, some users find that using poppers during sex increases sexual sensations and intensifies orgasm. Effects Vasodilation with warm sensations Drop in blood pressure with dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting Tachycardia (racing heart) Relaxation of anal sphincter Side Effects Skin lesions around nose, lips Sinusitis and respiratory allergic reactions Headaches Increased intraocular pressure Side Effects Several negative effects of poppers have been identified.?? These include crusty, yellow skin lesions around areas exposed to poppers, such as the nose, mouth, lips, and face. These can be misdiagnosed as impetigo or severe seborrheic dermatitis. These skin problems usually heal up within seven to 10 days of stopping the use of poppers. Poppers are also quite irritating and can cause sinusitis. They can also trigger allergic reactions accompanied by wheezing and breathing difficulties. As poppers can be scented, allergic reactions can also be triggered by inhaling the perfumes in poppers. Headaches, which can range from mild to severe, are also common  as a result of dilation of blood vessels in the brain. Poppers can also increase the fluid pressure in the eyes, known as intraocular pressure, which may be problematic to people who are at risk of glaucoma. Who Uses Poppers? Amyl nitrite was first synthesized in 1844 by Antoine Jérôme Balard and was popularized as a treatment for angina pectoris by Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton. However, it only became recognized as a recreational drug in the 1960s, initially in the gay community. Gay men discovered that poppers helped them feel relaxed mentally and physically, increased sexual arousal, made anal sex easier and less painful, and enhanced orgasm. These drugs are still widely used among gay men.?? One study examined the use of poppers among gay men who experienced childhood sexual abuse. While such drugs as crystal meth, ecstasy and ketamine decreased during the 2000s, the use of poppers and cocaine remained stable among gay men. Poppers continue to be used, along with other drugs, in party-and-play sex marathons, in which participants have sex for hours at a time. The use of poppers as a psychoactive drug spread from the gay scene to the recreational drug community, becoming more widespread with the disco boom of the 1970s and the club and rave scenes of the 1980s and 90s. It has been recognized as a serious health problem among Canadian Aboriginal communities but crosses social classes. In Britain, 12.8 percent  of male medical students and 6.3 percent of female medical students have used poppers as a recreational drug. In addition, there has been concern about the recent increase in inhalant use, including poppers, among teens. A Word From Verywell Poppers can seem like a safe, cheap, and easy buzz, with its ease of access  and short-term effects. However, like other psychoactive drugs, it can be harmful. The safest choice is to avoid poppers altogether.

Aggressive Behavior Essay - 1189 Words

Aggressive Behavior Aggression is a behavioral characteristic that refers to forceful actions or procedures (such a deliberate attack) with intentions to dominate or master. It tends to be hostile, injurious, or destructive, and is often motivated by frustration (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1995). For an individual, aggressive behavior is considered understandable and normal under appropriate circumstances, but when it is frequent, intense, lasting, and pervasive, it is more likely to be a symptom of a mental disorder. Likewise, aggression between groups, can be in the form of healthy competition, but can become harmful when unfair or unjust disadvantage or frustration is perceived, leading to hostility (Brown, 1986).†¦show more content†¦Likewise, Oltmanns, Neale, Davison (1991) indicate that there is evidence of a genetically inheritable predisposition for psychopathy, possibly involving the autonomic nervous system, which is connected to emotion. This idea is based on studying psych opaths’ particular adeptness at ignoring stimuli. Research has also supported the theory that psychopaths fail to appreciate the emotional significance of an event or experience. This, along with unwillingness or inability to â€Å"process or use the deep semantic meanings of language,† may be causal in psychopaths’ apparently subtle form of thought disorder. This apparent lack of central organization of behavior and logic may be a factor in the aggressiveness of their behavior (Oltmanns, Neale, Davison, 1991). Furthermore, the family environment of psychopaths may contribute to their abnormal behavior. A lack of parental affection and severe parental rejection may cause influential adjustment problems. Inconsistency in discipline, and a failure of parents to teach children their responsibilities may additionally play a causal role in the development of psychopathy (Emery Oltmanns, 1998). Finally, avoidance learning may contribute to psychopathy. People suffering from this disorder seemingly feel no need to avoid the negative consequences of social misbehavior. Therefore, they may have fewShow MoreRelatedAggressive Behavior, Heredity and Environment Essays694 Words   |  3 Pagesfriends ethniticy are an important component of their positive or negative behavior. Aggression is one of many characteristics of temperaments. There is happiness, confidentiality, etc†¦ But I will talk of aggression. There are many different causes of aggression. A child or person experiences aggression when certain things don’t go their way, or perhaps, don’t get along with their peers. Peers are a big cause of aggressive behavior. What a person craves the most is to be loved or accepted. In many casesRead MoreShould A Structured Recess Program Be Increased Aggressive Behavior On The Playground785 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of this action research project is to determine if a structured recess program would decrease aggressive behavior on the playground which in turn would decrease the number of behavior referral forms that would have to be written. There is a growing problem in our schools; children do not know how to play during recess time. Children are spending more and more time in front of the television, video games, or other sedentary non-play activities. They are not learning how to play properlyRead MoreWhat Is Aggressive Behavior?900 Words   |  4 Pageseducati on classroom for all subjects except Art. His teacher has seen Sam struggling with behaviors throughout the school day. The special education teacher was assigned to study Sam’s behavior and identify when Sam acts out specifically. 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AlthoughRead MoreParent Management Training : A Behavioral Treatment For Children And Adolescents With Aggressive, Antisocial And Defiant Behaviors1371 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence-based intervention instilled to parents of children and adolescents with aggressive, antisocial and defiant behaviors. Parents are taught social learning techniques with the purpose of changing the behavior of their children. Parents learn effective parent-child relationship management strategies and parenting skills through exercises and role play with the therapist. These methods include observing and recording behavior, positive reinforcement, token reinforcement, time out reinforcement, attendingRead MoreFamily Dynamics And Aggressive Behavior2380 Words   |  10 PagesDynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents; and Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, a nd Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice. 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There has been bullying incidents in different places. The outcome of all victims who are bullied end up being physically or emotionally injured. Most suicides happen because of bullying. Negative consequences of blaming the victim include low self-esteem for the victim, denial of fear by the critic, and avoidance of responsibility on the part of the bullyRead MoreAggressive Behavior And Video Games860 Words   |  4 PagesAggressive Behavior and Video Games â€Å"Video games are not inherently good or bad, just as any other tool is not inherently good or bad† (Gentile, D., n.d.), but continuous exposure to video games may generate behavioral changes among individuals. It is being demonstrated by research that violent television and media have a cause and effect on children and youth that watch them. Because video games use the same repetitiveness mechanism as television and media it is expected by social science professionals

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress...

The use of several therapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians about the most effective treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and pharmacotherapy; which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino Rogal 2001). Several of these therapies have been recognized as effective PTSD treatments. For instance, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR), has become an increasingly accepted treatment modality for childhood PTSD; however, very†¦show more content†¦The issue about choosing the most appropriate intervention with a specific population such as children, is a struggle that many clinicians face when treating children with PTSD. Cohen, et al. (2001) found that the majo rity of child psychiatrists prefer to use psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy interventions and psychotropic medications with children presenting PTSD symptoms, while non-medical clinicians prefer to integrate other types of interventions such as play therapy. In regards to the fact that physicians prefer to use medications and other well-known interventions such as psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapy, Muris Merckelbach (1999) suggest that many physicians are more resistant to the new treatment modalities including EMDR and others because these types of interventions are less discussed in medical journals compared to nonmedical ones. On the other hand, Cohen, et al. (2001) suggest that physicians do not use new methodologies of interventions because they are not effective, instead they don’t feel comfortable using treatments that were not part of their professional training. In their research, Cohen, et al. (2001) and colleagues suggest that randomized controlled tri als conducted in research settings, may not provide the whole picture about the mostShow MoreRelatedTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. 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However, it too received some arguments against it, such as; treating symptoms and not the underlying cause of an illness. The theories that will be discussed are Carl Roger’s theory of Person Centered Therapy, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and how they would treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In PersonRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesdisastrous, and traumatizing events are often susceptible to developing a mental illness known as post-traumatic stress disorder or â€Å"PTSD†. People who are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder often experience mind-numbing symptoms of traumatic flashbacks, emotional distress, and uncontrollable thoughts that can make living life a realistic nightmare. 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A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well as memory, and critical thinking . This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’s perceptionRead MoreNature Of Symptoms And Diagnosis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifies what Teddy’s diagnosis was, Dissociative Identity Disorder is the primary disorder that he should be diagnosed with and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder should be secondary. Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor function. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individual who

Dissertation Examples †IT dissertation topics information technology Free Essays

Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology our site – FREE ESSAYS DISSERTATION EXAMPLES 1. Introduction to Information Technology Dissertations A degree in Information and Communications Technology is designed to fulfill the requirements of people working as different professionals such as academicians, administrators and managers, technical staff, trainers, and developers in private or public sectors. A course in information and communications technology combines the educational theory and practice to create a learning experience that enables the development of skills that can be applied to complicated real-world problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information and communications technology degree is aimed to enhance the knowledge of how computer systems, software and applications, and other forms of communication technologies can be utilized to drive economic growth, enhance learning abilities, foster greater communication and socialization, and overall improve the standard of living. The focus of a dissertation in information and communication technology subject is aimed at achieving one of the aforementioned goals. Here are a list of information and communication technology categories within which you can base your research. 2. Categories and List of Dissertation Titles One of the most prolific impact of internet based information and communication technologies in the enablement of economic and commercial activities over the internet. E-commerce and E-business remains one of the most researched topics within this subject. 2.1E-Commerce / E-Business 2.1.1 Advertisements Over Cell Phone Networks – Is it a Successful Strategy; A Survey of British Youth’s Attitude towards Receiving Advertisements over Cell Phones 2.1.2 Exploring the Difference between E-Business Model and E-Business Strategy through Extended Examples 2.1.3 Is it Viable to Completely Curb Software Piracy in the Underdeveloped Nations; Challenges and Possible Solutions? 2.1.4 Determining Factors that Affect Users’ Level of Trust and Sense of Security in E-Commerce Applications 2.1.5 E-Tourism Intermediaries in UK; Factors that Affect Customers’ Level of Satisfaction 2.1.6 Conduction Virtual Business in 3D Internet; The Future Outlook of Business over Virtual Worlds Influenced by the widespread popularity and advantages of e-commerce for modern day business organizations, governments across the globe are also trying to reap the power of information and communication technologies to reach their customers and provide effective services. 2.2E-Government 2.2.1 Structural transformation towards e-government in the South West of China: Moving beyond the Four Stage Model 2.2.2 Assessing E-Government System in Pakistan (or any other Underdeveloped Country); A Content Analysis of Various Government Websites 2.2.3 M-Government; Benefits and Outcomes of Mobile Government for Connected Societies Multi Agent Based Systems enable a higher level of collaboration among various agents working together to achieve a common goal. Coinciding with the developments within the area of artificial intelligence, multi-agent based systems are moving towards higher level of adaptability. Stimulations programs are similarly an important stream of intelligent computer programs that are aimed to work upon highly complex scenario. 2.3Multi Agent Based System 2.3.1 An Overview of Design Patterns Utilized for Developing Multi Agent Systems (MAS) 2.3.2 Analyzing the Dynamics and Design Patters for Developing Adaptive Multi-Agent-System (MAS); A Step towards Mass Customization through Intelligent Manufacturing Information Systems 2.3.3 Creating a Multi-Mobile-Agent Architecture for Developing a Collaborative System Which Elapses across Product’s Lifecycle 2.4Artificial Intelligence 2.4.1 Search Engine Optimization for Dynamic Websites; An Evaluation of Existing Knowledge of SEO for Dynamic Websites 2.4.2 Application of Multi-Agent Systems Along with Multiple Artificial Potential Fields in Car Games 2.4.3 Creating an Appraisal Module for Virtual Agents in Order to Produce Believable Emotions 2.4.4 Designing and Implementing a Membership Card Generation System for Hypermarkets by Utilizing Clustering, Optimization and Anomaly Detection Techniques 2.5Simulation Modeling to help Decision Makers 2.5.1 An Overview of Various Business Stimulation Tools; Evaluation their Impact upon Student Learning in Tertiary Business School Information and communication technologies have greatly enhanced efficiencies in business processes making organizational functions more effective. Likewise, the multimedia advancements have provided more robust information sharing, socialization and entertainment platforms. Business process designs and multimedia information systems are key research areas in information and communication technologies. 2.6Business Process Design 2.6.1 Evaluating Project Management Methodologies for Information Technology Development in Pakistan; A Case Study of National Database Registration Authority (NADRA) 2.6.2 Exploring Fitting Enabling Technologies to Boost E-Commerce Success of Apparel and Footwear Industry in UK 2.6.3 Assessing the Impact of Information Technologies in Implementing Management Control Systems in Technology Start Ups and SMEs in UK 2.6.4 The Use of ERP in Practice; an Investigation of End Users Approval of ERP System in Large Organization in (any Undeveloped/Developed Country) 2.7Multimedia Information Systems 2.7.1 An Investigation into the Negative Effects of Social Media and the Challenges it creates in Crisis Management 2.7.2 Examine How the Communication Technology Revolution Influences People, Process and Strategy 2.7.3 Does the Media Technology Has an Impact upon Child Development; A Study of Primary School Goers in UK 2.7.4 The Impact of Media Technologies on the Physical Development of Teenagers; A Comparative Analysis 2.7.5 Encouraging the Use of E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia in The light if Existing Challenges The growing power of internet, software as a service (SAAS) is a blooming trend which opens many new research opportunities. 2.8SAAS 2.8.1 Integrating ERP System with Cloud Services; Implementing ERP Integration over SAAS, PAAS, and IAAS 2.8.2 An Overview of the SAP Implementation Processes and the Types of SAP Failures 2.8.3 Determining the Causes of Sap Implementation Failures in Small Industrial Firms in UK 2.8.4 Usability Analysis and Evaluation of Microsoft Dynamics Online; Developing a Framework for CRM Solutions’ Evaluation 2.8.5 Implications of Cloud Computing For Multi Media Industry With the advancement in information and communication technologies, security remains one of the biggest concerns and similarly an important research area. 2.9Security 2.9.1 Utilizing Keystroke Analysis as an Additional Security Measure to Password Security in Web Applications 2.9.2 An Investigation of Emerging Risks Associated with Online Banking 2.9.3 Investigating Factors That Determine Customers Use of Online Banking Tools; A Qualitative Analysis of Customers in China 2.9.4 A Survey of Security Strategies for Non-Internet Enabled Software and Applications 2.9.5 Investigating Security Threats over Android Mobile Environment 2.10 General 2.10.1An Overview of Key Enabling Technologies Required for Creating Information Agent Technology for the Internet 2.10.2An Information Retrieval System for Scientists; Creating an Information Agent Technology 2.10.3An Information Retrieval System for Students; Creating an Information Agent Technology 2.10.4Ethical Challenges Associated with Testing Software and Applications through Live Customer Data; Recommending Steps to Overcome These Concerns How to cite Dissertation Examples – IT dissertation topics information technology, Essays

Tainos free essay sample

Consequently, this began a totally new phase of life on the island of Hispaniola. There was a flourishing civilization of Native Americans living there. The primary group was the Arawak/Taino Indians. Arawak is the general group to which the Taino Indians belong, and describes the common language with this group of Native Americans snared. They ranged trom Venezuela through the Carib bean and Central America all the way to Florida; however, the particular group of Arawak- speaking people who lived on the island of Hispaniola was the Taino Indians. For about a thousand years the peaceful people known as Taino had thrived in modern- ay Cuba, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and many other islands in the Lesser and Greater Antilles. However, less than 30 years after Columbus Journey, Spanish weaponry, force labor, and European diseases would wreck the Tainos. The Tainos left no remains or signs of their existence and all that remained of their culture were a handful of words in Modern English, such as barbecue, canoe, hammock, and hurricane. We will write a custom essay sample on Tainos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, thanks largely to two remarkable digs undertaken over the past two years, archaeologists are increasingly enriching their knowledge of the complex ociety of the Taino and their sophistication of their artifacts (Corbett 1). This knowledge has been recorded in details and passed on for people to follow ribbean Sea at the time when Christopher Columbus arrived to the New World. Tainos: The Peopling of the Caribbean The word Taino means men of the good, and for the most part Tainos were good. The name Taino is currently used to describe all of the Indians of the Caribbean islands at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Though all of the Indians who lived in these islands at the time may have been similar in appearance and hared a similar language, they did not all share the same cultures. The Tainos were divided into major cultures, the Taino and the Caribs. They were also broken down into different regions; the Western Taino, who inhabited mid to near eastern Cuba and Jamaica; the Classic Taino, who inhabited eastern Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico; and Eastern Taino, who inhabited the northern Lesser Antilles starting from the Virgin Islands extending South. (Barreiro 69). Taino culture was dominant throughout the Caribbean, a sea and island world that in turn cradle of Taino civilization. The Tainos had an advanced culture that combined agriculture, hunting, and gathering. The Tainos lived in permanent villages consisting of a number of straw houses arranged around an open plaza. In agriculture, seafaring, cosmology, Ciboney and Guanahatabey (western Cuba), Ciguayo (Bohio) and even Carib (Lesser Antilles) all followed the material and much of the psycho-spiritual framework of the Taino. The original Caribbean spoke Arawak. The people of the Arawak language family still comprise one of the more widespread American indigenous cultures, with relatively large kinship nations in the Amazon nd Orinoco river basins of South America. Throughout the Caribbean usually in remote mountain ranges and costal promontories, remnant groups and communities of Taino-Arawak have been adopted by the mestizo populations of the Caribbean and are interwoven into the Euro-African fabric of the islands folk universe. The Taino society was very peaceful. Happiness, paternal society, and friendliness and highly organized hierarchical characterized it. Each society was a small kingdom and the leader was called cacique. At the time of Columbus, there were five different kingdoms on the island of Hispaniola. The Indians practiced polygamy. Most men had two or three wives, but the caciques had has many as thirty. It was a great honor for a woman to be married to a cacique. She not only enjoyed a materially superior litestyle, but also ner children were held in high esteem. The Taino world, for the most part, had some of the appearance that the modern imaginations ascribe to the South Pacific Islands. The Taino used two primary architectural styles for their homes. The general population lived in circular buildings with the poles providing the primary support and these were covered with the woven traw and palm leaves. They were somewhat like the North American teepees except, they needed to reflect the warmth of the climate and simply used straw and palm leaves rather than being covered with the skins (Barreiro 8). The caciques were singled out for unique housing. Their house was rectangular and featured a small porch. Despite the differences in shape, and the considerably larger buildings, the same material was used. When the Africans came in the beginning in 1 507, they introduced mud and wattle as primary building materials. In addition to the houses, the typical Taino village ontained a flat court in the village that was used for ball games and various festivals. Stone making was especially developed among the Tainos, but they seem not to have it in building houses. It was primarily used for tools and religious rituals. The men were generally naked, but women sometimes wore short skirts. Men and women alike adorned their bodies with paint, shells, and other decorations. The Taino diet, like ours, centered around meat or fish as the primary source, though there were never many wild animals to hunt on Hispaniola. They also ate nakes, various rodents, bats, worms, birds, and any living thing they could find with the exceptions of humans. They were also able to hunt ducks and turtles in the lake or sea. The coastal natives relied on fishing, and tend to eat their fish either raw or only partially cooked. Since they grew cotton on the island, the natives had fishing nets made of cotton. They feasted more on agriculture and de-emphasized meat or fish in their diet. The Tainos had a developed system of agriculture, which they raised their crops in a conuco. This was a large mound that was devised especially for farming. They would pack the conuco with leaves to protect it from soil erosion and placed a large variety to assure that something would grow, no matter the weather conditions. One of the Tainos primary crops was cassava. Cassava is still very popular in the Caribbean, and the method the Taino used to make it is still practiced. The Taino had no large animals like horses, oxen or mules to ride or use for transportation. However, Just like modern time, river and sea transportation was very popular and it was the only means of transportation. They used boats to travel on the sea, their canoes were used for the same purpose. They could take 70-80 people in a single canoe for long travels on the sea and occasionally fished during their voyage at sea. The Taino were polytheists and their gods were called zemi. The zemi controlled the functions of the universe, very much like the Greek gods did, or later Haitian Voodoo. However, they did not seem to have had particular personalities like the Greek and Haitians gods/spirits do. There were three primary religious practices: (1) Religious worship and obeisance to the gods and themselves. (2) Dancing in the village court during special testivals ot thanksgiving or petition. 3) Medicine men, or priests, consulting the zemi for advice and healing. This was done in public ceremonies with songs and dance. During thanksgiving, many rituals were performed. The priests would present the carved fgures of the zemi, as the cacique sat on a wooden stool, place of honor. People induced vomiting with swallowing stick, which was considered a symbolic spiritual purging (Rouse 2). Women served bread (a communion rite), first to the zemi, then to cacique followed by the other people. The sacred bread was a powerful protector. This ritual is similar to the Christian practice of Eucharist. The zemi, as well as dead services are ways of acknowledging their powers at the same time seeking their aid. Due to these powers, the many Taino stories are accounted by the origins of some experienced phenomenon and or magic. Many myths were told and believed by numerous people. Several myths dealt with caves and how they were afraid to come out when the sun was up because they would turn into stone pillars

How to Write a Research Essay in Shakespeare Studies

How to Write a Research Essay in Shakespeare Studies William Shakespeare is considered a genius poet and playwright, not only in Great Britain but throughout the world. It is generally recognized that his works are a kind of encyclopedia of human relationships, they are like a mirror in which people, great and insignificant, are represented in their essence. This gives colossal opportunities for thinking, reflection, analysis, and application of the conclusions made in modern realities. That is why students so often receive the task to write an essay based on one of the works of Shakespeare. In this article, we will give practical recommendations and show examples of how to do this. Essay in Shakespeare Studies vs Any Other Essay Are There Any Differences As a general rule, writing an essay on Shakespeare has the same standard requirements as writing an essay on any other subject. You must also observe a clear structure, develop a thesis, back it up with evidence, and come to a conclusion. But there are some differences. First, all your essay should be concentrated around the literary work. Secondly, quoting Shakespeare has its own special rules. And thirdly, these quotes will be direct evidence of your thesis and all your ideas on which you will build your essay. What Can You Write in the Essay Based on Shakespeares Sonnets? W. Shakespeare is the author of 154 sonnets, which were first published in 1609. They were created over a long time and reflected the significant changes that occurred in the author’s worldview and creativity. Confirmation of such a maxim can serve as evidence of one of the contemporaries of the poet, who in 1598 wrote that ‘Shakespeares sonnets are known among his friends.’ Some of the researchers tried to restore the facts of the biography of the poet, to identify those not named persons whose portraits we find in these verses. However, such efforts, as it turned out, did not bring concrete and convincing results. And it is entirely natural. Therefore, your task as a student studying the works of Shakespeare is to identify these hidden meanings, hints, and references to people and phenomena of those times. Study the Nature of the Sonnet Based on Comparative Characteristics You can begin to study the topic by clarifying the concept of a sonnet and its features in Italian and English literature. Sonnet, as a persistent 14-line lyric verse form with a certain rhyming order, was born in Italy in the 13th century. This became one of the favorite forms of the lyrical poetry of the great Italian poets of the Renaissance and under the pen of Dante, and especially Petrarch, acquired the flexibility that is necessary for a short verse that contains partly very important philosophical and aesthetic content. Over time, the sonnet became established through the efforts of Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) and Henry Surrey (1517-1547). But their sonnets were different from Italian. What is this significant difference? For example, you can conclude yourself by comparing one of the sonnets of Petrarch and Shakespeare (in particular, F. Petrarch’s sonnet ‘Laura’s Death’ and XV of the W. Shakespeare’s Sonnet). Study and Analyze the Internal Structure of the Sonnet During the analysis, it is possible to conclude that the English sonnet differs from Italian in its internal structure (3 quatrains and 1 distich), free rhyming order, after which three quatrains have two independent rhymes, and the last two lines rhyme with each other. In all Shakespeares sonnets, there is one important common feature characteristic of the poet’s creative writing, which is intense drama. There is always a sharp conflict in it, which is usually solved in the last lines of the sonnet. You can choose several sonnets and analyze the development of drama in them, as well as the tools that the poet uses to set the tense. A few more questions you can answer analyzing Shakespeares sonnets For example, in your essay you can: Define a sonnet like one of the poetic genres; Determine how the sonnet is built, does its structure affect the internal content? Select the images of the first quatrain, find out their meaning; Determine the intonation fracture; Examine what the main informative images in the sonnet you noticed? How do they change the mood of the sonnets? What Can You Respond to These Questions Combining the completed form with a rich ideological content made Shakespeares sonnets a wonderful aesthetic monument of a distant era, in which the great humanist told his descendants about true and deep feelings. The dominant aesthetics of Shakespeare is revealed in 103 sonnets, where the poet asserts the advantage of the beautiful in life over his reflection in works of art. Art as a mirror of nature is the main leitmotif of the named sonnet. In several sonnets (55, 60, 63, 64, 65, 107) the theme of the incorruptibility of works of art, the understanding that the poet will be immortal in his works, is revealed. This thought acquires greater flexibility and clarity in the sonnet 55. Although most sonnets are devoted to solving ethical problems, the poet’s interest in the public life of his era is constantly pulsating. There are images of a state that perishes under the pressure of Time, a war that scars the face of the earth, a miser who trembles over treasures, or a person who is harassed by the nobility of his origin. It is they who testify to the close attention that Shakespeare reveals to the various phenomena of reality. The famous sonnet 66 is a concentrated expression of the poet’s non-perception of life, which distorts the relationship between people. It is not by chance that quite a few researchers compare this sonnet with the gloomy tragedies of Shakespeare. Problems in the Play of Romeo and Juliet Things to Reflect on in Your Research Essay The plot used by Shakespeare two siblings of warring families was used in ancient literature more than once. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ one of the most famous works of Shakespeare, as the figurative concentration, the concentration of motifs and the eternal themes of humanity in it reaches its maximum. This is the theme of love, and the theme of blood feud, and the theme of death, and the theme of hostility, and the theme of chance. You can highlight each of these topics or issues in your essay. The main problem in the play is the problem of the conflict of real big love and prejudices of society. The reason for the hatred of the warring families has long been lost in time, but the misunderstanding remains. The theme of love, of course, is basic. And it is affected not only in the context of the relationship between Romeo and Juliet but also speaking as an important area of human life. Many characters speak about her, everyone sees his own. Especially distinguished in the love line 5 scene a ball in the house of Capulet. Here, the theme of love is concretized to the motive of love at first sight. You can further elaborate on this phenomenon in the works of Shakespeare and search for the phenomena of such love in sonnets and other plays. In addition to love between a man and a woman, in the tragedy, a great place is given to the boundary between love and youthful passion. In this context, it would be interesting to reconcile the feelings between Romeo and Juliet with the feelings of Othello and Desdemona. The theme of maternal, paternal, family love, as well as the love of the nurse to Juliet, is highlighted. Here, by analogy, it is possible to recall Hamlet and his father. All the problems, themes, and motives in the tragedy are related to each other. Revenge and anger give birth to death, which in turn is overcome by love. But the case an unknown and omnipotent force, still overtakes those who dare to go against the system, order, and God. Throughout the whole play, we see the rebellion and liberty in complying with church laws Romeo, who was dressed as a monk, both families repeatedly violated the most important religious commandment to ban murder, the main characters also do not respect their parents. In your essay, you can reflect on the inevitability of the script written by fate, on the will of chance or higher powers, on the place of religion and its prohibitions in the past time and modern life. What Can You Write in Your Research Essay on Hamlet Working with an essay on this work, you can start by describing the main problem. Motives of treason, crime, love have always been popular in literature and in life itself. W. Shakespeare was able to notice the internal fluctuations of people and convey them with the help of the word, so he could not stand aside from the listed problems. The main theme of ‘Hamlet’ is a crime committed for the sake of wealth and power. In this context, it is very interesting to conduct a modern study and find traces of crimes committed in a still tangible past for a similar purpose. It is also interesting to analyze the features of the composition of the play. Even though everything is very logical, some things can be analyzed in your essay. Features of the composition are dictated by the laws of drama organization. The work consists of five acts. The plot is revealed sequentially, it can be divided into six parts: the exposition acquaintance with the heroes, the plot the meeting of Hamlet and the ghost, the development of events the princes way to revenge, the climax the observation of the king during the play, the denouement the death of the heroes. The event outline is interrupted by Hamlet’s philosophical reflections on the meaning of life, on death. You can penetrate his reflections by highlighting one topic for one essay, or you can combine all thoughts in one work, exploring how these reflections fit into the whole structure of the play. It is also interesting to look at this play from literary techniques and tools. Hamlets genre is a play written as a tragedy since all events are centered around the problems of murder, death, and revenge. The denouement of the work is tragic. The direction of the play of Shakespeare ‘Hamlet’ is baroque, so the work has an abundance of comparisons and metaphors. You can focus your essay on some of them. One More Idea to Study Is the Influence of Shakespeare on the Development of Science Today, Shakespeare is not only the genius of Anglo-Saxon literature, but also one of the key figures of American and surely British educational systems, both at school and in universities. Shakespeares studies have long gone beyond the English culture. Turning to Shakespeare, in the largest educational centers of the world, they study not only the literature of the late Renaissance, the evolution of Shakespeares poetics in the context of world culture, Shakespeares reminiscences in national literatures, not only the evolution of drama, the history of theater, music, cinema, but also other, seemingly far away discipline from the world artistic culture. So, according to Shakespeares characters, human psychology is studied. Many authors of classical works on the nature of human consciousness addressed them. Z. Freud, used the characters of Shakespeare as illustrations to explain his psychoanalytic concepts and ideas. His Freudian reading of the image of Hamlet was especially popular. His work played a huge role not only in the improvement of psychoanalysis, but also had a direct significance for the development of Shakespeare studies in particular, and world philosophical criticism in general. They became the impetus for the emergence of a completely new trend in philosophy psychoanalytic criticism. In the Shakespearean characters, Freud discovered a fertile field for reflection on human nature, which it would have been much harder to imagine or discover if Freud turned to his real patients.

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between ingenious and ingenuous, and are they even related? If you believe that despite their seeming disparity in meaning, these words belong to the same genus, you’re a genius and you therefore probably know as well that those terms with the common element gen share their origin with the first pair of words. Ingenious, ingenuous, and several other words and their variations are derived ultimately from the Latin verb gignere, which means â€Å"to produce.† One of that term’s descendants is engine, which traces from ingenium, meaning â€Å"talent.† Originally, engine meant â€Å"trick or device,† but it later came to be applied to machines used in warfare and then to mechanisms in general. Gin, an abbreviation of the French form engin, eventually referred specifically to a device that separates cotton from the cotton plant’s seeds. (The name of the alcoholic beverage gin and that of the card game gin rummy are corruptions of the place name Geneva and are unrelated.) Genus, meaning â€Å"a class or kind,† and general, with the same basic meaning but best known for other connotations and in various forms, are ancient kin of these other words including the element gen. So is genius, which first referred to a guardian spirit but came to apply to innate talent. Two other closely related words are genie, from the French form of genius (which later was associated with the similar-sounding but unrelated Arabic word djinn to refer, in French and later English translations, to a spirit or force in Arabian mythology and folklore) and genial, also descended from genius but now meaning â€Å"friendly,† as well as congenial (â€Å"pleasant, harmonious†). Ingenious developed a sense of â€Å"clever† through its predecessor ingenium. Ingenuous, however, took a different route, evolving in sense from â€Å"high-minded† to â€Å"straightforward† to â€Å"innocent.† The feminine form in French, ingà ©nu, altered in English to ingenue, came to refer to a stage character defined by her artless simplicity. The term was extended to apply to a young, innocent female lead character in live and recorded performances and in literature (and, occasionally, to such a person in general). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureUse a Dash for Number RangesThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Research For Marketing Practitioners Assignment

Research For Marketing Practitioners - Assignment Example About half of the dishes are made up of ethnic dishes, for instance Chinese and Indian, indicating an interest in exotic tastes, but some of the recipes are made up of Continental recipes, such as Italian. Italian ready meals are made up of pasta which has a healthy image and attractive to children and students. The vegetable-based ready meals sector is also growing and attractive to students. This is followed by the fish-based and then the meat-based. Considered health foods are primarily made up of vegetables and fish. The UK has been hailed as the most developed market in Europe when it comes to chilled ready meals. (Dennis and Stringer 2000, p. 14) In 1994, chilled ready meals had a per capita consumption of 1 kg., compared to Germany’s 0.3 kg, France’s 0.2 kg and Spain’s .1 kg. In other words, the potential for chilled ready meals is great in the UK and if this is reflected in Europe, it has great future potential for business venture. (Dennis and Stringer 2 000, p. 14) Pizza sales registered a high growth of 10% during the period 1994-97. Manufacturers wanted to stimulate more demands for pizzas by introducing various flavours and in exploiting consumer’s growing love for exotic tastes. ... Mixed salads with new varieties of leaves have also been introduced to the craving palates of students. Manufacturers have introduced sandwiches, a favorite feature of student snacks. The British Sandwich Association released statistics stating that sandwiches have been hailed as the most popular fast food in the UK. It has a market of ?3.25 billion and fast growing at a rate of 13% annually. Sandwiches have been reported to represent 41% of the fast food sector, while burgers only represent 18%, and fish and chips only represent 12%. Sandwiches are a favorite snacks meal for the British, with the UK having the world’s highest per capita consumption of sandwiches. And this is true for men, women and children. (Dennis and Stringer 2000, p. 15) This paper is a proposal to outline a research programme to test a range of meals amongst the student population in the UK. The client is focusing on selling low value/medium quality product ranges, and is particularly interested in the m arket for consumers on limited incomes.  Ã‚   Their product consists of a range of nutritious, but reasonably priced ready meals – individual and paired servings – and is targeted on the UK student population.  Ã‚   2.0 Research Objective The purpose of this paper is to determine the growing demand of ready meals from the UK student population and to determine what particular dishes they require for snacks, lunch and dinner. For this company to meet its goals, it is essential that the food shall be tested by the students in a specific university which has been identified by the client. The university is a popular institution of higher learning with a very large population and can represent the student population in London. This research will determine

Classical cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classical cultures - Essay Example The essay analyses these texts to find out how the issues of men-women relationship and their roles in society have been discussed by the ancient Greek historians and writers in their works. The Greek play Lysistrata written by Asistophanes is one of the few survived Greek plays. It tells the tale of a woman who decided to carry on extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian war. The play has been written in a comical style and impressively depicts the status of men and women and their relationship in the Greek society. The play focuses upon the war between Athens and Sparta and the quest of a woman to stop the war. The play shows that the men used to enjoy all the powers and authorities in the Greek society but they took the state towards the state of war because most of them lack wisdom, common sense and peaceful nature. The Greek women however have been portrayed with her love for peace and love. The play shows the women generally have a weak place in the Greek society however, their just desires, unity and courage made them stronger and influential in the society. The position of women in Greek society and the perception of men about them and their relationship are clearly depicted in the dialogues spoken by the main character Lysistrata . She arranged a meeting for the women of the community but when they failed to reach within time she was disappointed that the women are burdened by men with lots of responsibilities that that their freedom is badly affected. She said with her neighbour Calonice. My heart's on fire, Calonice—I'm so angry At married women, at us, because, Although men say we're devious characters (Asistophanes , line10-11) The play shows that the men in Greek society commonly view women as a source of sexual relations. They limit them to their domestic lives and home routines and never bothered to give them any active role in the society. But the women still worked to teach lesson of peace to the men. The men were not only attract ed to the wisdom of the women words but they also feel attractive towards their message due to their beautiful body. The play shows the power of sexuality, beauty and strong thoughts that enabled women to play important role in the society during the war time. Another important text that tells about men and women relationship and their role in the Greek society is the ancient Greek tragedy The Bacchae written by Euripides. It is the story of a young Greek god compelling others to accept and worship him as God. The play talks about the dominating role of men in the Greek society. The men are depicted having the power to take command over the women. The King Dionysus gathered cult of female worshipers and drive them to sing and dance in his praise. He also prepared them to fight against the men however when the King Pentheus was returned to his city he strictly dead with the madness of the fighting women and jailed many of the women. The play shows that the women were widely used by m en as a mean of gaining different type of benefits and favours. They are oppressed to act in certain manner and the men having power influence their acts towards certain direction. The play shows weak position of women in the society having lack of authority and decision making power to direct their lives and actions. The play starts with the dialogues of the Dionysus depicting his proud and

The Employee Reaction Toward Organizational Change Commerce Essay

The Employee Reaction Toward Organizational Change Commerce Essay A force drive change is always exists since the Industrial Revolution changed the nature of work. Whether to improve efficiency or create better working environment and productivity has been the base in many organizations. Managers and consultants are continually looking for ways to improve it. Employee dissatisfaction and conflict have also become important farces that push the need for change. At the same time, societal and political forces, such as the fall of communism, increased competition, privatization, and deregulation have an important role. The response of employees to change is hard to be predicted as well, as many factors may have an effect on this. The research investigates the effect of organizational culture to the perception of employee for organizational changes; where organizational culture is characterized by Hofstede cultural dimensions. One of the biggest obstacles to the success of any planned change is employee resistance. Resistance affects a change program. People generally resist change because of its negative consequences. Every person reacts to change differently. The leader of the organization needs to identify the different responses of the employees and be able to deal with their issues and concerns. The most important response that the leader must be prepared for is resistance. Employees may perceive change as endangering their livelihoods and their workplace social arrangements, or their status in the organization. Others know that their specialized skills will be rendered less valuable after a major change. The research tries to find the relation between organizational culture where employees used to work, and the organizational changes. Hofstede dimensions is used to characterized the organizational culture to and relate kind of organizational culture with employees attitude to change. Research Objectives The research has objective of finding the relation between organizational culture and response to organizational change; the research, will determine which one of Hofstede cultural dimensions has larger weight affecting the employees reaction for change, as well as how organizational culture can affect response to change. Research Hypotheses The Research is based on two hypotheses; each of them is related together. First, considers the organizational culture and its characterization with Hofstede cultural dimensions; while the second relates organizational culture with organizational change. The two hypotheses are: H1: Organizational culture is characterized Hofstede cultural dimensions. H2: employees response to change is related with organizational culture. Conceptual Framework Many models and theories have been developed trying to look at organizational change; each is looking the process from different point of view. The modern models for organizational change are:(Kezar, 2001),(Cameron , Green, 2004) Evolutionary Teleological Life Cycle Dialectical Social Cognition Cultural Bullock and Batten, planned change; Kotter, eight steps; Beckhard and Harris, change formula; Nadler and Tushman, congruence model; William Bridges, managing the transition; Carnall, change management model; Senge, systemic model; Stacey and Shaw, complex responsive processes; Some of these approaches are discussed later; while the research is based on relating these approaches, with Hofstede cultural dimensions:(Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004) 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity Research has the roadmap as illustrated in Figure 1 . Organizational culture Organizational Change Process Hofstede cultural dimensions Characterization of organizational culture Drivers of organizational change Employee reaction Figure 1 Research road map The above figure illustrates how research theoretical framework is constructed, based on this and beginning with the concept of organizational change, forces behind organizational change is searched , its types, and theories explaining organizational changes, as well as employees response to that change. On the other hand, Hofstede cultural dimensions are studies to formulate the hypothesis linking these two concepts together. A survey is then investigates the validity of these hypothesis, in the same time if valid it will results in weight of each dimension on the response of change. Research structure The research is constructed from five chapters; first chapter introduces a research problem statement; research objectives and conceptual framework; the second chapter introduces a literature review about the organizational change, Hofstede cultural dimensions, and employees response to change, the operational definitions are stated with the most suitable form research point of view. Chapter three discussed the research methodology, method, and sampling; data collection plan and data analysis is stated as well. Findings of the research are presented in chapter four, as well as the analysis of the data. Finally, chapter five is the conclusion ad recommendations. Chapter 2 Literature Review Introduction In this chapter, a review of literature is introduced; the review includes references of books and scientific publications in recent years. As well, definitions of keywords are introduced, based on operational definitions of terms used in the research. What is Organizational change? Organizational change can be defined as the difference in form, quality, or state over time in an organizational entity.(de Ven, Andrew, 2004) where Culture is defined as a set of meanings and values shared by a group of people.(Alvesson, 2002), so relating the organizational change to organizational culture we can define organizational culture as a specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. ; the research will define the point under consideration of resistance to change as a Negative emotional, cognitive, and intentional responses to change (de Ven, Andrew, 2004) where magnitude of change is the magnitude of change represents a continuum ranging from fine-tuning changes, such as employee training, to radical organizational changes, such as reengineering and mergers. Changes (Pasmore, Woodman, 2007). Organizational change models Modeling the process of change is an important issue; this modeling can facilitate the process of monitoring change, assessing the results (for both Macro and micro levels); models also can explain the reason behind changes happen, its driving forces, and its consequences. The following sections discusses the early theories addressed the organizational change, followed by discussing the modern theories. Categories of Theories and Models of Organizational Change Evolutionary model The model assumes that the change process is dependent on circumstances, situational variables, and the environment faced by each organization. Social systems as diversified, interdependent, complex systems evolve over time naturally. However, evolution is deterministic, and people have only a minor impact on the nature and direction of the change process. The model focus on the inability of organizations to plan for and respond to change, and their tendency to manage change as it occurs. The emphasis is on a slow process, rather than discrete events or activities. Change happens because the environment demands change for survival. The assumptions in these theories range from managers having no ability to influence adaptability to managers having significant ability to be proactive, anticipating changes in the environment. As seen ; The theory ignores important environmental variables, and ignores the complexity of organizational life (Kezar, 2001) by focusing on a few factors within the external and internal environment, such as resources and size of organization. Environmental disturbance and constraints are overemphasized. Teleological model The model assumes that organizations are purposeful and adaptive. Change occurs because leaders, change agents, and others see the necessity of change. The process for change is rational and linear, as in evolutionary models, but individual managers are much more instrumental to the process. Internal organizational features or decisions, rather than the external environment, motivate change. Key aspects of the change process include planning, assessment, incentives and rewards, stakeholder analysis and engagement, leadership, scanning, strategy, restructuring, and reengineering. At the center of the process is the leader, who aligns goals, sets expectations, models, communicates, engages, and rewards. Strategic choices and human creativity are highlighted. Goal formation, implementation, evaluation, and modification based on experience are an ongoing process. New additions to the repertoire of management tools include collaborative culture definition, large group engagement processes, and individual in-depth interventions. The outcome of the change process is similar to that in evolutionary models: new structures or organizing principles.(Kezar, 2001) Based on above , it can be concluded that , the model analyzes the change process strategy as based on technological terms like reengineering, planning, assessment, restructuring; which is more realistic than other psychological terms like motivation. It also assumes that the process of change is controllable by managers and stockholders. The emphasis on the role of people and individual attitudes to the change process was introduced, especially in research on resistance to change. The ability to, at times, forecast or identifies the need for change was an important contribution, helping organizations to survive and prosper in what otherwise would have been difficult times. The main criticisms relate to the overly rational and linear process of change described within the model. Researchers of second-order change demonstrate a chaotic process and find management models to be lacking needed information on the importance of culture and social cognition.(Kezar, 2001) Dialectical model The model assumes that organizations pass through long periods of evolutionary change and short periods of revolutionary change, when there is an impasse between the two perspectives. An organizations polar opposite belief systems eventually clash resulting in radical change. Conflict is seen as an inherent attribute of human interaction. The outcome of change is a modified organizational ideology or identity. Predominant change processes are bargaining, consciousness-raising, persuasion, influence and power, and social movements. Leaders are the key within any social movement and are a central part of these models .collective action is usually the primary focus. Progress and rationality are not necessarily part of this theory of change; dialectical conflict does not necessarily produce a better organization.(Kezar, 2001) It is seen that, this model provided explanation for regressive change and highlighted irrationality.(Kezar, 2001) The model does not take the effect of the environment upon the change processes. Cultural model Most models of change describe organizations as rational places with norms and rules. The major contribution of cultural models to the change literatures their emphasis on irrationality (also emphasized in dialectical models), the spirit, or unconscious, and the fluidity and complexity of organizations. The model assumes that change occurs naturally as a response to alterations in the human environment; cultures are always changing. Cultural and dialectical models often overlap with the image of social movements as an analogy for cultural and political change. The change process tends to be long-term and slow. Change within an organization entails alteration of values, beliefs, myths, and rituals. There is an emphasis on the symbolic nature of organizations, rather than the structural, human, or cognitive aspects emphasized within earlier theories. History and traditions are important to understand, as they represent the collection of change processes over time.(Kezar, 2001) Change can be planned or unplanned, can be regressive or progressive, and can contain intended or unintended outcomes and actions. Change tends to be nonlinear, irrational, non-predictable, ongoing, and dynamic. Some cultural models focus on the leaders ability to translate the change to individuals throughout the organizations through the use of symbolic actions, language as the key to creating change. If there is an external motivator, it tends to be legitimacy, which is the primary motivator within the cultural model, rather than profit or productivity, which exemplify the teleological and environmental models. It is obvious that the model simplifies the culture as it can be easily handled or understood; but this actually not the case; other complex models to handle culture effect on change is introduces but not easy to apply. Organizational change theories and models (Cameron , Green, 2004) Lewin, three-step model: organism, machine Kurt Lewin developed his ideas about organizational change from the perspective of the organism metaphor. His model of organizational change is well known and much quoted by managers. Lewin is responsible for introducing force field analysis, which examines the driving and resisting forces in any change situation. The underlying principle is that driving forces must outweigh resisting forces in any situation if change is to happen. it assumes that ; if the desire of a manager is to speed up the executive reporting process, then either the driving forces need to be augmented or the resisting forces decreased; or even better, both of these must happen. Lewin proposed that organizational changes have three steps. The first step involves unfreezing the current state of interactions. This means defining the current state, surfacing the driving, resisting forces, and picturing a desired end-state. The second step is about moving to a new state through participation and involvement. The third step focuses on refreezing and stabilizing the new state of affairs by setting policy, rewarding success, and establishing new standards. Figure 2 Lewins three-step model Source: Lewin (1951) Lewins model is good, and can be considered as a fundamental base for further study or theory The model is seen as plan of actions, which can be used to make the change, rather than a model of change Model. It also ignores the assumption of the organism metaphor that groups of people will change only if there is a felt need to do so. (Mills, Dye and Mills, 2009) The change process can then turn into an un-well studied plan that does not tackle resistance and fails to harness the energy of the key players. The effect of culture also is ignored in this model. Bullock and Batten, planned change: machine Bullock and Battens (1985) phases of planned change draw on the disciplines of project management; there are many similar steps to changing your organization models. This particular approach implies the use of the machine metaphor of organizations. The model assumes that change can be defined and moved towards in a planned way. A project management approach simplifies the change process by isolating one part of the organizational machinery in order to make necessary changes, for example developing leadership skills in middle management, or reorganizing the sales team to give more engine power to key sales accounts. this approach implies that the organizational change is a technical problem that can be solved with a definable technical solution. The approach also simplify the process of change , but it can not handle complex situation for organizational change , i.e. when organization has complex situation of changing where change drivers and forces are unknown Kotter, eight-steps: machine, political, organism Kotters (1995) proposed eight steps to make change in organization; his model is derived from analysis of his consulting practice with 100 different organizations going through change. His research highlighted eight key lessons, and he converted these into a useful eight-step model. The eight steps are: Establish a sense of urgency, felt-need for change. Form a powerful guiding group. Assembling a powerful group of people who can work well together. Create a vision. Building a vision to guide the change effort together with strategies for achieving this. Communicate the vision. Kotter emphasizes the need to communicate at least 10 times the amount you expect to have to communicate. The vision and accompanying strategies and new behaviors need to be communicated in a variety of different ways. Empower others to act on the vision. This step includes getting rid of obstacles to change such as unhelpful structures or systems. Allow people to experiment. Plan for and create short-term wins. Look for and advertise short-term visible improvements. Plan these in and reward people publicly for improvements. Consolidate improvements and produce still more change. Promote and reward those able to promote and work towards the vision. Energize the process of change with new projects, resources. Institutionalize new approaches. Ensure that everyone understands that the new behaviors lead to corporate success. This eight-step model gives more defined and detailed procedure for change process; the steps are clear and well defined; but it may take more time to implement and, maybe, it would be difficult to follow strictly. The approach did not refer to the situation of inability of achieving one-step; and how it can be handled. Beckhard and Harris, change formula: organism Beckhard and Harris (1987) developed a formula of change that defines some parameters to take into consideration Figure 3. Figure 3 Source: (Cameron , Green, 2004) Factors A, B, and D must outweigh the perceived costs X for the change to occur. If any person or group whose commitment needed is not sufficiently dissatisfied with the present state of affairs A, eager to achieve the proposed end state B and convinced of the feasibility of the change D, then the cost X of changing is too high, and that person will resist the change. Resistance is normal and to be expected in any change effort. Resistance to change takes many forms; change managers need to analyze the type of resistance in order to work with it, reduce it, and secure the need for commitment from the resistant party. The formula is sometimes written (A x B x D) > X. This adds something useful to the original formula. The multiplication implies that if any one factor is zero or near zero, the product will also be zero or near zero and the resistance to change will not be overcome. This means that if the vision is not clear, or dissatisfaction with the current state is not felt, or the plan is obscure, the likelihood of change is severely reduced. These factors (A, B, D) do not compensate for each other if one is low. All factors need to have weight. This formula is simple but in the same time useful. It illustrates the factors affecting change process; if each party in the process applies in this formula, it will help determining the weak points, and help enhance the performance in each phase of change. On the other hand; the formula gives each factor the same weight, and did not correlate any of these factors together; which may be in accurate. Stacey and Shaw, complex responsive processes There is yet another school of thought represented by people such as Ralph Stacey (2001) and Patricia Shaw (2002). These writers use the metaphor of flux and transformation to view organizations. The implications of this mode of thinking for those interested in managing and enabling change are significant: Change, or a new order of things, will emerge naturally from clean communication, conflict, and tension (not too much). As a manager, you are not outside of the system, controlling it, or planning to alter it, you are part of the whole environment. In Patricia Shaws book Changing Conversations in Organizations, rather than address the traditional questions of How do we manage change? she addresses the question, How do we participate in the ways things change over time? This writing deals bravely with the paradox that our interaction, no matter how considered or passionate, is always evolving in ways that we cannot control or predict in the longer term, no matter how sophisticated our planning tools. As a first look, the model seems to be passive one; it discards the ability of making change goes as we want; also, it assumes that change is an ongoing process by itself, we have no control upon it; all we have to do is to watch and participate in it with a limited role. This can be translated to practical as follow: Managers have to decide what business the organization is in, and stretch peoples thinking on how to adapt to this. Ensure that there is a high level of connectivity between different parts of the organization, encouraging feedback, optimizing information flow, enabling learning. Focus peoples attention on important differences between current and desired performance, between different styles of work and between past and present outcomes. Characterization of organizational culture On the other hand Hofstede cultural dimensions will be used to characterize the organizational culture and can be defined as psychological dimensions, or value constructs, which can be used to describe a specific culture (Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004). where Hofstede has defined 4 dimensions to define culture ,first is the Power distance is The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.(Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004), second dimension is uncertainty avoidance, is the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations. (Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004), third dimension is Individualism, which is loosely knit social framework in a society in which people are supposed to take care of themselves and of their immediate families only.(Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004); and Collectivism, which is the opposite, occurs when there is a tight social framework in which people distinguis h between in-groups and out-groups; they expect their in-group (relatives, clan, organizations) to look after them, and in exchange for that owe absolute loyalty to it .finally; masculinity is The extent to which the dominant values in society are assertiveness, money, and material things, not caring for others, quality of life, and people. (Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004) Hofstede cultural dimensions The pioneering work on cultural measurement could be credited to Hofstede (1980). In the earlier stage, Hofstede identified four dimensions of culture and highlights the most important culture differences in a multinational organization. The four dimensions are individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity and femininity. These four dimensions were initially detected through the comparison of the value among the employees and managers working in 53 national subsidiaries of the IBM Corporation. Dr. Geert Hofstede, believes that culture counts and has identified four dimensions of national culture:(Harris, Moran , Moran, Judith, 2004) 1. Power distance: indicates the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. 2. Uncertainty avoidance: indicates the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations. 3. Individualism: refers to a loosely knit social framework in a society in which people are supposed to take care of themselves and of their immediate families only. Collectivism, the opposite, occurs when there is a tight social framework in which people distinguish between in-groups and out-groups; they expect their in-group (relatives, clan, organizations) to look after them, and in exchange for that owe absolute loyalty to it. 4. Masculinity: with its opposite pole, femininity, expresses the extent to which the dominant values in society are assertiveness, money and material things, not caring for others, quality of life, and people. Criticism of Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes work on culture is the most widely cited in most of studies. His observations and analysis provide scholars with a highly valuable insight into the dynamics of cross-cultural relationships. However, his work does not escape criticism. In this section, most of criticized points will be listed and discussed.(Jones , 2007) Relevancy Many researchers allude a survey is not an appropriate instrument for accurately determining and measuring cultural disparity. This is especially apparent when the variable being measured is a value which culturally sensitive and subjective. Hofstede addresses this criticism saying that surveys are one method, but not the only method that was used. During the time of its delivery, there was very little work on culture, and at this time many businesses were just entering the international arena and were experiencing difficulties; they were crying out for credible advice. Hofstedes work met and exceeded this demand for guidance. This actually is very convincing for researcher to base their research on Hofstedes work. Cultural Homogeneity This criticism is perhaps the most popular. Hofstedes study assumes the domestic population is a homogenous whole. However, most nations are groups of ethnic units. Analysis is therefore constrained by the character of the individual being assessed; the outcomes have a possibility of arbitrariness. On the other hand, Hofstede tends to ignore the importance of community, and the variations of the community influences. This critic is somewhat true; but if we will speak about the majority of groups within one culture; as well as the probability of being the individual have the common features of his culture, I do believe that is worth to pursue Hofstedes work. National Divisions Nations are not the proper units of analysis, as cultures are not necessarily bounded by borders. Recent research (Jones , 2007) has found that culture is in fact fragmented across group and national lines. Hofstede points out however that national identity is the only means we have of identifying and measuring cultural differences. This is true, as we can agree that national identity is not the only mean to measure cultural differences; but it is one of them, hence the model still valid , may be less accurate but reliable. One Company Approach A study fixated on only one company cannot possibly provide information on the entire cultural system of a country. Hofstede said he was not making an absolute measure, he was merely gauging differences between cultures, and this style of cross-sectional analysis was appropriate. However, this international organization is worldwide spread, and is considered as a typical example of cultural diversity, so it worth to be considered. Out-dated Some researchers have claimed that the study is too old to be of any modern value, particularly with todays rapidly changing global environments, internationalization, and convergence. Hofstede countered saying that the cross-cultural outcomes were based on centuries of indoctrination, recent replications (Jones , 2007), (Nakata, 2009) have supported the fact that culture will not change overnight. Conclusion about Hofstedes cultural dimensions It is obvious that more research is needed to evaluate culture in terms of contemporary standards. However, Hofstedes work has controversy surroundings; the work is still quite high, as it remains the most valuable work on culture. Based on the theoretical and practical value of Hofstedes work, research hypothesis refers to its effect on employs reaction toward organizational changes; and this will be investigated. Resistance to change Resistance to change has been an important area of inquiry. In fact, the importance placed on this issue might lead one to believe that resistance is inevitable when change is being implemented. Newer research (Mills, Dye and Mills, 2009) indicates that this is not always so. On the contrary, some people embrace change and become bored and uninterested if change is not imminent. Some researchers (Wei , 2003) argue that the younger generations of workers are more used to a constant rate of change, are more adept at change, and actually expect to be moving forward constantly. Despite this, resistance to change can and does occur just not all the time by everybody. Given that, resistance to change can be a very real problem for those leading change. Patrick Connor and Linda Lake argue that; (Mills, Dye and Mills, 2009) people tend to resist change or alterations of the status quo. This resistance is broader than simple opposition to a particular change; more widespread than a particular groups or individuals refusal to accept a specific change. There is simply the wish in most people to maintain the consistency and comfort that the status quo holds. This generalized resistance to change stems from a variety of sources. Although their theory of resistance is one of the many that seem to indicate all people will resist change all of the time, their framework is still quite helpful. It creates a framework for understanding why resistance may be happening, when it happens. Employees response to change There are three general forms of responses to system changes: (de Ven, Andrew, 2004) Negative feedback loops. These system responses attempt to attenuate or eliminate the impact of the change on the system. Positive feedback loops. These system responses magnify the impact of the change on the system. This can be in the form of switching (before, during, or after the event) to alternative structures or functions, increased disorder beyond what is directly produced by the change event itself and, if the increased disorder is extreme enough, either creative innovation or collapse. No response. The system may give no apparent response to a given event: This may occur because either the group failed to note the event, or assumed it would not alter the groups fitness landscape, or, Some feature of the groups history, its self-regulatory processes, and/or its routines prevented or impeded response. Alternatively, an apparent no response may be an artifact of the observation process.