Psychology Articles Essay Example for Free

Psychology Articles Essay 1. Glazer, H. R., Clark, M. D., Stein, D. S. (2004). The Impact of Hippotherapy on Grieving Children. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 6(3), 171-175. This article is a study on the effects of hippotherapy or therapeutic riding on grieving children affected by the death of a family member. The topic focuses on the grieving of children specifically because of the observation that their bereavement often coincides with issues relating to their natural growth and development. Thus, sometimes it is difficult to ascertain whether a child’s reaction should be properly classified as growth or grief (Glazer, Clark Stein, 2004). In order to add substantial information on the literature on childrens bereavement, the authors conducted a study that would determine how a 6-week hippotherapy program would work on grieving children. They sought to determine how stakeholders, such as the parents, children, and adult volunteer would perceive the program (Glazer, Clark Stein, 2004). The study involved a 6-week program where selected children with ages 4 to 14 stayed at the Buckeye Ranch for sessions that taught them how to ride horses. Each session ended with the children telling the things they learned for that session. The parents and adult volunteers were also asked to reflect on their perception of the therapeutic riding session. The authors found positive results from the study, consisting of increased confidence, self-esteem, and trust among the children. The children also gained communication skills as a result of the study. Finally, both guardians and parents found the riding therapy as a positive experience. Thus, they concluded that riding therapy is a good way for finding expression of grief. 2. Andrews, C. R. Marotta, S. A. (2005). Spirituality and Coping Among Grieving Children: A Preliminary Study. Counseling and Values 50, 38-50. This article describes grief as a natural part of human experience. The authors of this paper, however, note that literature on grieving mostly focus on adults coping mechanisms. Particularly, literature on adult bereavement focuses on religious practices and spiritual beliefs as effective coping mechanisms. Therefore, the authors aimed to extrapolate from such literature and attempt to apply major themes among grieving children (Andrews Marotta, 2005). The authors completed a sample size of 6 children between the ages of 4 and 9, coming from various institutions. All participants experienced death within the family in the past 18 months before the period of the study. Parents consent was secured from each participant. During the 3-month study period, children, parents, and main caregivers were given semistructured interviews. Such interviews led to qualitative data. There were also check-in sessions conducted every month. The study utilized a phenomenological approach so that specific aspect so f bereavement could surface (Andrews Marotta, 2005). The authors found that children’s grief are not necessarily similar to that of adults. Children grieve repeatedly as they go from one developmental stage to the next. Certain objects or mechanisms were also found to have been effective in dealing with the grief of children, such as puppets, games, bibliotherapy, and drawings. They also note that certain spiritual aspects like linking objects and connection through metaphorical play may play a huge role in comforting grieving children (Andrews Marotta, 2005). 3. Abeles, N., Victor, T. L. Delano-Wood, L. (2004). The Impact of an Older Adults Death on the Family. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 35(3), 234-239. This article reviews extant literature on issues of death and dying. Specifically, it is concerned with the impact on the death of an older member of a family to surviving members, particularly on surviving adult children. It also aims to derive implications for treatment based on the study (Abeles, Victor Delano-Wood, 2004). The methodology involved a simple review of literature, both on theoretical and empirical levels, on the topic of death and bereavement. Based on such literature review, the authors suggested individual or play therapy, psychoeducation, and different interventions as treatment options for grief. The authors likewise concluded that each individual may cope with loss or death of a family members in different ways. Some may not undergo the usual stages of grief. Thus, understanding of various coping mechanisms could also help surviving family members in dealing with grief (Abeles, Victor Delano-Wood, 2004). 4. Ens, C. Bond, J. B. (2007). Death Anxiety in Adolescents: The Contributions of Bereavement and Religiosity. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 169-184. This article aims to determine possible relationships between religiosity, bereavement, and death anxiety levels of adolescents. This is done to achieve greater understanding of adolescents, who face difficult challenges during bereavement (Ens Bond, 2007). The authors conducted a study with 226 adolescents as participants. These participants have ages ranging from 11 to 18 and come from rural and urban private schools. Both the parents and student participants gave written consent before participating in the study. The authors formulated one questionnaire that consisted of several scales that measure bereavement, religiosity, and death anxiety. This questionnaire was administered to participants and the data was analyzed (Ens Bond, 2007). The data showed a strong correlation between death and grief due to death in the family. Consequently, the authors concluded, grief due to bereavement was the only factor found to independently contribute death anxiety for adolescents. Finally, the authors found weak relationship between death anxiety and personal religiosity (Ens Bond, 2007). 5. Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C. Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child: teacher’s perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality 7(3), 324-339. This article reports a national survey conducted by the authors, aimed at determining how Greek teachers perceived bereaved children. More specifically, this study aimed to analyze experiences of children who grieved the death of a relative and a classmate. These aims result from the belief that grief is affected by the level of support received by bereaved children (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou Pavlidi, 2002). The authors selected participating population by applying a specific criterion on a list of Greek schools provided by the Ministry of Education, National Statistical Service. The authors handed out 3,500 questionnaires among Greek educators, and data was gathered from the responses (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou Pavlidi, 2002). The national survey resulted in several important findings. For one, it appears that Greek educators feel that the experience of death in the family or classmate negatively affect the performance of a bereaved child in school. Moreover, educators who had more years in experience as teachers had more opportunity to observe grieving children and the effect of bereavement on them. Finally, most educators appeared comfortable talking to bereaved students and cooperate with their family to help them cope with their loss (Papadatou, Metallinou, Hatzichristou Pavlidi, 2002). 6. Charkow, W. B. Inviting Children to Grieve. Professional School Counseling. This article discusses the importance of grieving for children who have experienced death in the family. It reviews literature and shows how society and families often shield children from the fact of death. This paper aims to establish the importance of grieving for children by showing how shielding children affects them (Charkow). The article basically reviews literature on death and the responses to its experience. These factors affect how the loss of a person through death could be traumatic to a child. For example, the relationship of the child with the deceased is a relevant factor to consider. Through the study of extant literature on bereavement, the author laid down several implications for stakeholders, such as parents, teachers, and counselors. The author concludes that being up front with children about the realities of death would lead them to cope properly through understanding and grieving appropriately. 7. Cohen, J., Goodman, R. F., Brown, E. J. Mannarino, A. (2004). Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief: Contributing to a Newly Emerging Condition in the Wake of Community Trauma. Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief After 9/11, 213-216. This article is a response to the events of the 9/11 attack in New York City, which resulted in the death of many parents. The authors report that more than 10,000 children lost parents and loved ones on that fateful day. Hence, the authors concern about childhood traumatic grief (Cohen, Goodman, Brown Mannarino, 2004). This article basically reviews extant literature on childhood traumatic grief, particularly those relating to treatment interventions and psychotherapeutic approaches to childhood traumatic grief (Cohen, Goodman, Brown Mannarino, 2004). After reviewing literature on interventions to childhood traumatic grief, such as client-centered therapy, the authors discussed various factors that affect the assessment and treatment of the condition. Finally, the authors provided suggestions for future directions, particularly since the literature on childhood traumatic grief is still in its infancy (Cohen, Goodman, Brown Mannarino, 2004). 8. Crenshaw, D. A. (2005). Clinical Tools to Facilitate Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief. OMEGA 51(3), 239-255. This article aims to describe strategies and techniques that address childhood traumatic grief in order to how clinicians how to address youth experiencing such condition. These strategies use themes such as abandonment and attachment (Crenshaw, 2005). This article’s methodology consisted mainly in reviewing and describing various techniques and strategies used in dealing with grieving children. The authors then analyzed how such techniques helped children with their bereavement (Crenshaw, 2005). The strategies described in this article illustrate how themes such as facing unknown dangers and leaving behind loved ones and family help children cope with loss and address unresolved issues (Crenshaw, 2005). References Abeles, N., Victor, T. L. Delano-Wood, L. (2004). The Impact of an Older Adults Death on the Family. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 35(3), 234-239. Andrews, C. R. Marotta, S. A. (2005). Spirituality and Coping Among Grieving Children: A Preliminary Study. Counseling and Values 50, 38-50. Charkow, W. B. Inviting Children to Grieve. Professional School Counseling. Crenshaw, D. A. (2005). Clinical Tools to Facilitate Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief. OMEGA 51(3), 239-255. Cohen, J., Goodman, R. F., Brown, E. J. Mannarino, A. (2004). Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief: Contributing to a Newly Emerging Condition in the Wake of Community Trauma. Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief After 9/11, 213-216. Ens, C. Bond, J. B. (2007). Death Anxiety in Adolescents: The Contributions of Bereavement and Religiosity. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 169-184. Glazer, H. R., Clark, M. D., Stein, D. S. (2004). The Impact of Hippotherapy on Grieving Children. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing 6(3), 171-175. Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C. Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child: trachers perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality 7(3), 324-339.

F1 :: essays research papers

It really all started at the end of the first lap of 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix. Aryton Senna and Alain Prost were nearing the end of their first season driving together in the totally dominant Mclaren Honda team. All season long, the tension between these two great drivers had been building as the battle for the drivers crown intensified. But, even the most informed observer in Portugal could never have dreamt of what was about to be unleashed along with its impact on the consequences for Formula One. As the two Mclarens entered the pit straight to complete the first lap, Senna led, but Prost, having carried more speed through the final turn, was firmly in his slipstream. As Prost pulled out to complete the pass, Senna swerved to the right, Prost, refusing to lift, kept coming. Soon the cars were side by side, wheels interlocking at 180 MPH. Prost was just inches from the pit wall. Prost made the pass and duly won the race. Afterwards, furious at such tactics by a fellow driver, he is reported to have stated "If he (Senna) wants the World Championship so badly, he can have it." Prost's rage was due to the fact a basic rule of Motor Racing had been broken, and not by some F3 novice, but by a driver blessed with such enormous talent that he should have been able to find other ways to win in the supposed pinnacle of the sport, Formula One. Since motor racing began, the "slipstreaming pass" was the classic way to overtake. It relies on the fact that the leading car does not deviate too much from its line on the straight. There was no rule to enforce this, it was just taken for granted. If a slower car just weaved all over the road overtaking would be impossible, but that was against the "spirit" of racing. More of course was to come, much more. The inaction of the governing body of Formula One sent its message out loud and clear. Clearly Senna now felt that if he could get away with "swerving", then the next step would be "shutting the door firmly". This he duly did to Nigel Mansell at the same race the following year. Mansell, having slipstreamed Senna on the pit straight, went for the inside at the following right hand corner. Senna, refusing to be passed, moved over and the ensuing contact took them both out of the race.

Foundations of Psychology Essay

Psychology is the process of understanding ones mental processes such as how and why one thinks, feels, and behaves the way they do. Psychology is the process by which the scientific method is used to better understand and test these processes (Allport, 1985). Psychology was established as a means to blends these two differing schools of thought into one. Psychology quickly separated into different schools of thought as a means to explain the human mind and its behaviors. In this paper we will discuss in more depth about a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism (Allport, 1985). Wilhelm Wundt is thought to be one of psychologies founding fathers. He was a pioneer using laboratory research as a way to back up his theories of the mind. One of Wundt’s students Edward Titchener used Wundt’s theory of introspection as his basis of his new school of thought called structuralism. Structuralism is the study of the contents of the mind (Britannica, 2001). Just like his predecessor Titchener believed that the scientific method was the only means to the science of the mind. Structuralism was only one of two schools that dominated psychology in its early years. The other was functionalism. Functionalism was the product of one Harvard graduate named William James. James believed structuralism was a great start, however felt the mind still needed further explaining and hence functionalism was born. Where structuralism focused its efforts on the mental processes themselves, functionalist conserved their efforts on the role those processes play. Functionalism is the study of how ones psychological processes helps one adapt to their environment (Britannica, 2001). Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was comprised of three elements: the id, the ego, and the super eg o. â€Å"The id is composed of the primal urges, while  the ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality. The superego is the part of personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture. Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors (Sheehy, & Forsythe, 2013).† Freud’s school of thought has not gone without controversy, however Freud’s school of thought has influenced other of psychology’s greats such as Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson (Psychology, 2005). Behaviorism formed as a reaction to the theories of John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism took off and became the dominant school of thought during the 1950’s. Behaviorists focused their efforts of observable behavior. Behaviorist believe that all behavior can be explained by ones environment rather than by ones internal forces (Lee, 2005). Classical conditioning was invented by Ivan Pavlov. He believed that classical conditioning was the learning process that occurs through associations between ones environmental stimulus and the naturally occurring stimulus. Operant conditioning was the thoughts of B. F. Skinner. Skinner believed that learning can occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Skinner believed that through o perant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Lee, 2005). Humanism is the product of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanism focused on an individual’s free will, self-actualization, and personal growth (Lee, 2005). â€Å"While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential (Lee, 2005).† â€Å"Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives (Jimerson, 2007).† Understanding a person requires special attention to not only ones biology, their psychological experience, and their social context. Psychology was established as a science in order to differentiate from biology and the philosophy of thought. In this paper we discussed in more depth about just a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism and how they differ from one another. Although they each may have a different outlook, they all have the same goal to better understand one’s  mind and one’s behavior. References Allport, G. W (1985). â€Å"The historical background of social psychology†. In Lindzey, G; Aronson, E. The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill. p.5 â€Å"Evolutionary Psychology: Theoretical Foundations.† Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Hoboken: Wiley, 2005. Credo Reference. 2 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://www.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/entry/wileycs/evolutionary_psychology_theoretical_foundations. â€Å"Functionalism.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222123/functionalism Jimerson, S. R., Oakland, T. D., & Farrell, P. T. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of international school psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412976138 Kratochwill, T. R. (2002). Evidence-based interventions in school psychology: Thoughts on thoughtful commentary. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(4), and 518. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/195476875?accountid=458 Lee, S. W. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of school psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412952491 Oakland, T. D. (1986). Further thoughts on professionalism in school psychology. Professional School Psychology, 1(1), 47-49. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0090495 Peters, R. S., & Mace, C. A. (2006). Psychology. In D. M. Borchert (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 117-150). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3446801676&v=2.1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=b7b2ca334afa823cd8813b11a12599b6 Psychology. (2005). I nternational Journal of Obesity, 29, S161-S163. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803091 Sheehy, Noel, &

Marketing Segmentation of Tata Nano in India and Its Targeting and Positioning Strategy.

Contents Market Segmentation, Positioning, Targeting: A case of Tata Nano in India EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Targeting and positioning strategy of Tata Nano and recommendations for the company are given. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND: According to Howard and Sheth (1969, p. 70), â€Å"market segmentation depends on the idea that the company should segment or divide the market in such a way as to achieve sets of buyers† Historically sellers were engaged in mass marketing. They were into the mass production, mass promotion and mass distribution of one product to all consumers in order to obtain economies of scale. This approach of marketing segmentation made the producers to compete against their competitors in terms of products and services. Kotler says â€Å"the product differentiation is to provide variety to the buyers rather than to appeal to different segments†. DISCUSSION: CRITICISM OF MARKETING SEGMENTATION: When the size of the market is so small to do marketing When a brand is a dominant brand in the market. When more number of people falls in the same category. Most of the brands do not operate within the same segment. Certain brands cannot fit into a particular segment which is a drawback to this strategy. In very small businesses and brands this strategy will not work and it is not possible. CASE OF TATA NANO IN INDIA AND ITS MARKET SEGMENTATION: Tata Motors is the leading automobile manufacturer in India with a huge portfolio which includes trucks, passenger cars, buses, and utility vehicles. Even though there are many products from Tata Motors an interesting case of Tata Nano is discussed further. Generally Tata Motors follow the marketing segmentation concept and they have succeeded which already prevails in the history. Tata Nano which comes under the passenger car segment was launched in January 2008. India’s passenger car segment has been grown extraordinarily for the past four years and it was the clever strategy of Ratan Tata to launch a product in that segment. Heading to the marketing segmentation of Tata Nano is quite interesting. Tata Nano is specially designed and manufactured for the middle class and lower middle class people in India (Interview of Ratan Tata). Marketing Segmentation for Tata Nano: Geographic: rural areas, semi urban areas, small towns, large cities and metropolitans. Demographic: Age group: people of age group above 18 (as the legal age for driving in India is 18) Size of family: family size not more than 5. Psychographic and Behavioural: ANALYSIS OF TATA NANO’S MARKETING SEGMENTATION: From the above segmentation variables and how Tata Nano is segmented, it is clear that the manufacturer wants his product to be used by almost everyone in all geographic conditions. In demographic segment the income group of $220 can easily purchase this car is mentioned. But again they say this can also suit the people who own cars already for the sake of increasing the count which adds privilege to them as well as their status. Even in the occupation category, it is mentioned that right from students to any profession person can use Nano which again puts a lot of people in the category. TARGETING AND POSITIONING OF TATA NANO: Tata Nano’s targeting strategy starts from its tag line â€Å"The people’s Car† and â€Å"the world’s inexpensive car†. Tata Nano is segmented to the middle class and lower middle class people who had only dreamt about cars which also include the people who earn $220 per month. Their target customers are those who are extremely price conscious and have low latitude of acceptability. Industry wise they target the two wheeler industry, three wheeler industry (which are more costly than nano), public transports as well to an extent. Hence pricing is their most effective targeting strategy. (Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap) Positioning of Tata Nano is solely based on its price which may also become a drawback to them in future. Tata Nano is well positioned which will be doing a marketing for the entire Tata Motors. As Nano will be the first car of many customers there will be a possibility of customers to follow Tata Motors if they have a good value for money product and good customer relationship management. As mentioned Nano will be the first car people will surely change their car and that might be possibly for another car in Tata Motors itself. Moreover Tata is also got a wide range of cars which are durable and better quality which suits Indian roads. (NDTV news) {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} draw:frame} {draw:frame} CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The marketing segmentation concept is a good strategy in marketing but not applicable for all industries, services or products. Nano is got a good segmentation and its well targeted and positioned. As Nano is targeting people with its price strategy, in future due to some inflation if value of money increases they might not be able to con vince their customers. Tata is a good reliable brand in India and now the positioning of Nano as the first car of many people will surely help them in growing their Tata Motors organisation. REFERENCES: Caroline Tynan and Jennifer Drayton, Journal of marketing management, 1987, 2, No 3, 301-335. Smith, W. R. (1956), â€Å"Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies†, _Journal of Marketing, _2J (3), pp. 3-8. Baker, M. J. (Ed) (1984), Macmillan Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, London, Macmillan. Haley, R. L (1968), â€Å"Benefit segmentation: A decision-oriented research tool†, Journal_ of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Chisnall, P. M. (1985), Marketing: A Behavioural Analysis (2nd edition). Maidenhead, Berkshire, McGraw-Hill UK Ltd. Lunn. T. (1978), â€Å"Segmenting and constructing markets†. In: Consumer Market Research Handbook (2nd edition) (Eds. ) Worcester, R. M. and Downham, J. , London, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (UK) Ltd. , pp. 343-376. Haley, R. L (1968), â€Å"Benefit segmentation: A decision-oriented research tool†, _Journal of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Siddharth Vinayak Patankar, (2009), â€Å"_NDTV’s review of the Tata Nano_†, NDTV Profit Online, [http://profit. ndtv. com/2009/03/23220600/How-does-the-Tata- Nano-drive. html]. www. tatanano. inservices. tatamotors. com Joseph Sassoon, Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap.

A New Forest To Conquer Essays - English-language Films, Bozeman

A New Forest To Conquer Essays - English-language Films, Bozeman A New Forest To Conquer The following is a story that I hope to someday tell my grandchildren. I want it to serve as a means of instilling in them the courage and dexterity that I have somehow found within myself to make it through this wonderful and sometimes very painful journey. Once upon a time, high, high up in a tree, there was a birds nest and in that nest there was a special, little egg . The mother bird worried and fussed and fussed and worried over her little egg, saying, Oh my, this little egg cannot possibly be big enough for my baby bird. Finally, the mother birds wait and worry over the little egg came to an end and her baby hatched. Unfortunately, the egg had indeed been far too small for her baby bird; the little bird was terribly sick from not having enough room to grow. Not sure how to care for the little one, which they named Polly, the mother bird and father bird took their new baby to the Great Owl . Thanks to the Great Owls wisdom and patience, the little bird lived, but, despite his tender care, Pollys wings would not grow. The mother bird refused to believe that her darling baby, that she had worried and waited for, for so long, would never fly. As Polly grew, her mother worked with her everyday, in hopes of teaching her daughter to fly. Eventually, their hard work paid off and, although she was a little slow and awkward, Polly finally learned to fly. As she grew bigger and surer of herself, Polly wished to play with the other birds her age. She tried to fly and play with them, but they did not want her in their games. They teased and mocked her and said she was too slow. Polly wished the other birds understood how hard she had had to work, just to be able to fly at all. But that did not matter to the other birds; they only wanted the strongest, fastest birds for their games . So, Polly went home, heartbroken, and made up her own games to play. When it came time for all the young birds to begin school, Polly had no choice but to join them. Afraid that her sensitive little daughter might be hurt by the other young birds, Pollys mother offered to let her go to a special school, but Polly refused. She was determined to keep up with the normal birds and find a way to fit in. In the beginning, the other birds made fun of Polly, but it turned out that the games she had made up to occupy her, made Polly much better than the others in school. Her experience with playing with twigs made her the best nest builder in her class and, even though she flew slower than the others, the hide and seek games she played with her mom made her the fastest at finding worms. Soon, the other birds were so busy trying to keep up with Polly; they forgot to make fun of her. As time passed, all of the young birds started to become aware of their unique appearances and some traits became more desirable than others. It turned out that small, delicate wings became quite the fashion and soon the little boy birds began to notice that Pollys wings were especially small and especially delicate. It didnt matter anymore that her wings made her slow; now, they made her pretty. At first, Polly was proud that her special wings were finally being appreciated and she made sure to show them off every chance she got. However, it didnt take long for Polly to get tired of all the attention she was getting. Many of the boy birds cared more about Pollys wings than they cared about Polly and, after awhile, they seemed to forget that she was attached to her wings at all. Some of the boy birds were mean and nasty to her when she refused to show off her wings. Before long, Polly didnt want to be around the boy birds . Then, one day, as Polly was flying around by herself, trying to stay away from all the

Korean Histiory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Korean Histiory - Essay Example This attack followed an earlier attack, assumed to have been instigated by North Korea, which resulted in the sinking of a South Korean naval ship and caused the death of over 40 crew members. However, as the sirens rang, children’s laughter could be heard in the streets which created a surreal sensation of contradiction in this divided nation. It left many bystanders, both Korean and foreign, questioning the validity of the drill; throughout 2010, people in South Korea have been debating over the possibility of an outbreak of war but, even in these debates, citizens are divided over important issues that are central to the historical and current situation faced by North and South Korea.1 Park Chan-wook’s 2000 movie, Joint Security Area, masterfully captures the endless contradictions imbedded within this ideological crisis, and the audience watches as these contradictions simultaneously destroy the characters while providing a glimpse into the possibility of a reunific ation between the North and the South. Korea has been characterized as a land of contradictions. This is poignantly depicted in JSA, in which nothing is as it seems; although North Korea has consistently been portrayed as monstrous in its military ambitions and nationalistic intentions, the movie depicts a very different interpretation of North Koreans. The portrayal of the JSA is pivotal to this alternative depiction of the North because it serves as a site where a crack in the ideological divide can be initiated. At first, the two opposing sides of the JSA are defined in stark contrast to the other, with the North Korean side being highly monitored and regimented, and the South Korean side being used as a site of voyeuristic tourism – the visual manifestation of communism versus democracy. However, as night falls, the ideological gap between North and South, which seems

Single Tuned Harmonic Filter Design Research Paper

Single Tuned Harmonic Filter Design - Research Paper Example Therefre, the filter re ued t ntrl hrmni in the netwrk. T deign uh filter, it i neery t: Minimiztin f ttl t f the filter (bjetive funtin) ubjet t ertin vlue f filter rmeter (ntrint) i the bigget hllenge fr filter deign. n timiztin re n be defined mximiztin (r minimiztin) f n bjetive funtin, f(x), ubjet t me ntrint f the rblem, g(x). Thee ntrint define the feible regin, i.e. regin tht ntin ible lutin f the rblem. The bjetive funtin i t minimize the ttl t f the filter n be frmulted : where F i the ttl filter t; R the filter reitne; X the fundmentl frequeny itive retne; XL the fundmentl frequeny indutive retne; Q the qulity ftr; X0 the rennt retne; min nd mx: dente the minimum nd the mximum limit, reetively. The ue f nventinl L tehnique i ulr, ne my ue due t the imliity f ytem mdeling nd bjetive. The qulity ftr determine hw hrly the filter i tuned t the trget hrmni rder. The dmittne f high Q filter dr ff quikly t frequenie bve nd belw it trget vlue. The timl Q fr ingle tuned filter led t hve the lwet hrmni vltge ditrtin. where ; ; ; U the inrementl t f the itr nd it i equl t 170103LE/MVR; UL the inrementl t f the retr nd it i equl t 170103LE/MVR; n the hrmni number; K=ntnt=0.4KW/MVR ; If the fundmentl urrent mnent; Ih the hrmni urrent mnent; U i ntnt, nd it i equl t : The fuzzy liner rgrmming tehnique i ued t minimize the bjetive funtin in Eq. (1) nd tify the filter rmeter (ntrint). ... The imedne f ingle tuned filter (Z) n be exreed : (7) t the trget hrmni rder, the filter retne i: (8) nd (9) where h i the trget hrmni rder. The ttl filter t bjetive funtin f filter deign f Eq. (1) n be exreed : (10) =K1R+K2X+K3XL where ; ; ; U the inrementl t f the itr nd it i equl t 170103LE/MVR; UL the inrementl t f the retr nd it i equl t 170103LE/MVR; n the hrmni number; K=ntnt=0.4KW/MVR ; If the fundmentl urrent mnent; Ih the hrmni urrent mnent; U i ntnt, nd it i equl t : (11) U=8760vFuUu where Fu i the Filter utiliztin ftr whih i equl t 1.0 nd Uu i the t f wer l/KWH whih i equl t 0.2 L.E. (12) nd N i the filter life=15 yer; I i the interet rte=0.05. 3.2. FD uing fuzzy liner rgrmming (FL) timiztin tehnique The fuzzy liner rgrmming tehnique i ued t minimize the bjetive funtin in Eq. (1) nd tify the filter rmeter (ntrint). The differene between L nd FL tehnique i tht the vlue nd ertr uing the nventinl L re ri vlue, while, the vlue nd/r ertr f the FL re Fuzzified hrteriti, uing FL tehnique. 3.2.1. Fuzzy mdeling f ntrint The red tringulr fuzzy mdeling fr the filter reitne i hwn in Fig. 1. It i een tht, memberhi funtin fr the reitne i equl t 1 igned t Rmed, eh mnent f filter i rereented by tw liner ntrint: the lwer limit nd the uer limit. The lwer limit memberhi fr the reitne f the filter i deribed fllw: (13) nd the uer reitne limit memberhi i: (14) imilrly, the red tringulr fuzzy mdeling fr the itive retne i hwn in Fig. 2. The lwer limit memberhi fr the itive retne f the filter i deribed fllw: (15) nd the uer itive retne limit memberhi i: (16) imilrly, the red tringulr fuzzy mdeling fr the indutive retne i hwn in Fig. 3. The lwer limit memberhi fr the indutive retne f the filter i deribed